THE GREAT CHRONICLE OF BUDDHAS
1170
is not self‛, and explained this fact with the woeful character (
dukkha
) of corporeality.
(b) Then He put questions to the five
bhikkhus
: ‚Is corporeality permanent or
impermanent?‛ The
bhikkhus
, pondering on the question, gave the reply:
‚Impermanent, Venerable Sir.‛ By this similar question method, the Buddha drew out
the fact from His hearers the impermanent character of the five aggregates, one by
one. Likewise, He drew out the fact of woefulness (
dukkha
) and insubstantiality and
not-self (
anatta
) from the hearer. This method of dialogue in which the hearer comes
to his own conclusion of the three characteristics of the five aggregates is technically
termed by the Commentators as
TeparivaÔÔa dhamma desanÈ
(Triple-round Discourse).
In this matter, what the Buddha wishes to establish is the character of not-self, after
first establishing the impermanent character and the woeful character (
dukkha
) of the
five aggregates.
We shall explain this further:
In some of the discourses the Buddha expounded on the impermanent nature of the five
aggregates with regard to their impermanent character. (Ref: UparipaÓÓÈsa
,
Chachakka
Sutta). In some discourses, He makes the not-self character clear through the fact of
dukkha
character. (The earlier part of the present discourse is a case in point.) In some discourses,
He makes the not-self character evident after having established the fact of the
impermanent and
dukkha
character. (In this present discourse, the latter part is after this
device. Ref: Khandha SaÑyutta
;
Arahanta Sutta.) The Buddha takes this approach because
the impermanent and woeful nature of things is evident to all whereas the not-self nature is
not so evident.
To explain this further: when somebody, by accident breaks some utensil, he or she
would remark: ‚Ah, it's impermanence!‛ but not: ‚Ah, it is unsubstantial, or not-self.‛
When a sore afflicts one, or is pricked by a thorn, one would remark: ‚Ah, it's
dukkha
‛, but
not: ‚Ah, it is not-self.‛
Anatta
is not uttered in these cases because the nature of
anatta
is
somewhat remote to ones thinking. Therefore, the Buddha teaches not-self through
impermanence or through
dukkha
or through a combination of impermanence and
dukkha
.
This latter method is employed in the latter part, the Triple-round discourse, of the present
sutta.
(c) Next, the Buddha explains: ‚Therefore,
bhikkhus
, whatever Corporeality there is,
whether in the past, future or present, whether internal or external, whether gross or
subtle, lowly or lofty, far or near, all Corporeality should be regarded as they really
are, by right insight and wisdom (of Path-knowledge), ‘This is not mine’, ‘This is not
I’, ‘This is not myself’. Thus the Buddha points out the falsity of the ego when one
gains insight into the five aggregates and when one decides for oneself on gaining
Path-knowledge.
[Note well: that in meditating for insight, if one concentrates on the
impermanence of phenomena, one can dispel the illusion of conceit. If one
concentrates on
dukkha
, one can give up Craving. If one concentrates on
unsubstantiality, one can dispel the illusion of wrong view.
In the present case, considering the five aggregates as ‘This is not mine’
leads to destruction of Craving, and is the same as concentrating on
dukkha
in Insight meditation. Considering the five aggregates as, ‘This is not I’
leads to the destruction of conceit and is the same as concentrating on
impermanence. Considering the five aggregates as ‘This is not myself’
leads to the destruction of wrong view, and is the same as concentrating on
anatta
(unsubstantiality).]
(d) At the conclusion of the discourse, the Buddha sums up the result that is achieved by a
person of right view, culmination in
arahatta-phala
. ‚On gaining this right view, the
well informed
ariya
disciple‛, in a logical sequence of events following the correct
perception as detailed under (c) above, attains sufficient insight into the five aggregates
to gain Path-knowledge and attain Path-knowledge and its Fruition, and the Reviewing-
Knowledge (
paccavekkhaÓÈ-ÒÈÓa
).