Chapter 42
suffering). They are prisoners of their own greed and they live and die there.
(8) TaÓhÈ paccaya upÈdÈna
It is well and good if craving for the six sense objects can be given up before they
become obsession. If the indulgence in craving is prolonged over a long period, craving
outgrows itself into clinging which is rooted either in craving itself or in wrong view. One
clings tenaciously to oneself internally and to external sense objects. Clinging is of four
kinds: (i) Clinging to sense-pleasures (ii) clinging to wrong views (iii) clinging to wrong
practices as a means to purity (iv) clinging to an illusory self or
attÈ
.
i) Cling to sense pleasures,
KÈmupÈdÈna
: It is the obsession with sense objects of six
kinds which begins as craving and outgrows itself, like the Myanmar saying: ‚When an
iguana grows too big it becomes an alligator; when a snake grows too big it becomes a
serpent.‛ Clinging therefore is intensified craving.
ii) Cling to wrong view,
DiÔÔhupÈdÈna
: Wrong view are of sixty-two kinds as described
by the Buddha in BrahmajÈla Sutta
(
DÊgha NikÈya sÊlakkhandha Vagga
)
. Tenacious
belief in any wrong view is a form of clinging. (Three worst wrong views that send
one down to the
Niraya
realms are included in the sixty-two kinds of wrong view
mentioned in these verse)
iii) Clinging to wrong practices as a mean to purity,
SÊlabbatupÈdÈna
: Some ascetics,
during the Buddha’s time, resorted to the habit of cows or dogs in the mistaken belief
that such practices would purify their hearts and bring salvation. Punna and Senja are
two ascetics who followed such practices. (Ref: Majjhima paÓÓÈsa Kukkuravatika
Sutta)
Govatika ascetics were those who believed that all past evil could be obliterated if one
took up a practice like the cow, that is, living a stringent ascetic life. Their reasoning is
this: living a stringent life for the whole of the present life is making retribution for all past
evil deeds; the present life of asceticism also does not involve fresh evil deed. Therefore,
all past evil deeds and future evil deeds are eliminated, and this brings eternal happiness. A
follower of this creed moves about on all fours like a cow, sleeps like a cow, eats like a
cow without using the hands, and imitates all bovine behaviour. (Interestingly enough:)
One, who takes up bovine practice in a slack manner, will be reborn as a cow; one who
takes up the practice too stringently will go to hell after death.
Kukkuravatika ascetics were believers in the dog-practice. They believed that, if one
could adopt the life and habits of a dog, one would be liberated. A follower of this creed
moves about, eats and sleeps like a dog, imitating all the habits of a dog. If one takes up
this practice in a slack manner, one will be reborn as a dog. If one takes up the practice too
stringently, one will go to hell.
iv) Clinging to an illusory self (
attÈ
),
AttavÈdupÈdÈna
: The mistaken belief in Self or
attÈ
is another tenacious form of clinging. It is based on the five aggregates which are
considered erroneously, each in four ways, namely:
(1) With regard to corporeality: (a) that corporeality is self, and not being able to
perceive corporeality apart from oneself; (b) that mental phenomena are self, and
erroneously holding that self has corporeality just like a tree has its shade; (c) that
mental phenomena are self and erroneously holding that corporeality exists in self just
like the scent existing in flower; (d) that mental phenomena is self and erroneously
holding that self exists in corporeality just like a ruby kept in casket.
(2) With regard to sensation: (a) that sensation is self and not being able to perceive
sensation apart from oneself; (b) that mental phenomena are self and erroneously
holding that self has sensation just like a tree has its shade; (c) that mental phenomena
are self and erroneously holding that sensation exists in self just like the scent existing
in flower; (d) that mental phenomena is self and erroneously holding that self exists in
sensation just like a ruby kept in casket.
(3) With regard to perception: (a) that perception is self and not being able to perceive