Chapter 42
deva-world as real happiness; he also performs meritorious deeds of ten kinds
which tend to rebirth in the Sensuous Sphere and the Fine Material Sphere on the
one hand, or to the Non-Material Sphere on the other hand. Thus he does volitional
actions that result in endless rebirth in the three Spheres.
Verse One
(1) AvijjÈ paccaya sa~khÈra
Dependent on Ignorance, volitional activities arise, i.e. thoughts, deeds and acts are
caused by a certain motive or volition that are conditioned by Ignorance. There are an
infinite number of beings that live in the infinite world-systems but all of them, in the
ultimate sense, are representations of just the twelve factors of Dependent Origination,
namely, Ignorance, Volitional activities, Birth-linking consciousness, Mind and matter, the
six Sense-bases, Contact, Sensation, Craving, Clinging, Kammic process, Rebirth, Ageing-
and-death. (
PaÔicca
, dependent on or conditioned by (cause);
SamuppÈda
arising of
Sa~khÈra
, etc. (results).
Elucidations
Of these twelve factors, Ignorance is the root condition of the earlier part of
saÑsÈra
.
Hence it is mentioned first, as between
avijjÈ
and
sa~khÈra
, the former is the cause and the
latter the result.
Sa~khÈra
means volitional thoughts, words and deeds.
AvijjÈ
is one of the 52 mental concomitants (
cetasika
). It is essentially bewilderment
(
moha
), a demeritorious state of mind.
Moha
is variously rendered as ‘not knowing’,
‘unskilled’, ‘unknowing’, ‘Ignorance’, ‘darkness of delusion’.
Ignorance means: (1) not knowing the Truth of Dukkha i.e. not perceiving the truth that
the five mundane aggregates pertaining to the three Spheres are
dukkha
; (2) not knowing
the Origin of Dukkha, i.e. not perceiving the Truth that Craving (
taÓhÈ
) is the cause of
dukkha
; (3) not knowing the Truth of Cessation, i.e. not perceiving the truth that NibbÈna is
the cessation of
dukkha
; (4) not knowing the Truth of the Path, i.e. not perceiving the Truth
that Ariya Path of eight constituents is the way that leads to NibbÈna.
The fourfold ignorance of the Four Truths are the condition whereby all worldlings,
blinded by their own Ignorance, commit evil deeds that send them down to the four
miserable states of
apÈya
, or perform good deeds that send them to the seven fortunate
existences and the sixteen Fine Material realms of BrahmÈs, or to the four Non-Material
realms of BrahmÈs. The evil deeds are motivated by evil volitions called
apuÒÒabhi
sa~khÈra
. The good deeds that tend to the seven fortunate existences and the Fine Material
realms are motivated by good volitions called
PuÒÒÈbhisa~khÈra
. The volitions in the four
types of good deeds leading to the four BrahmÈ realms of the Non-Material Sphere are
called
ŒneÒjabhisa~khÈrÈ
. Therefore the Buddha declares that with Ignorance as condition,
three types of volitional activities of the mundane meritoriousness and mundane
demeritoriousness come to be.
(Now with reference to Verse One above.)
In the eulogistic reference to the Buddha at the beginning of this stanza:
- the Penetrative Knowledge is compared to the Jotirasa ruby, one of the seven boons of
a Universal Monarch;
- the Four Truths is symbolised by the Four Island Continents over which a Universal
monarch reigns;
- the Analytical exposition of the Four Truths is symbolised by the roaming of the four
Island continents by the Universal Monarch.
And the act of reverence is performed by the poet, Ledi Sayadaw, mentally,
verbally and physically.
In Buddhist literature there are three kinds of worthy persons or devas, namely, the devas
who are born instantly as mature individuals are
upapatti
devas, the rulers who have
sovereignty over a country are
sammuti
devas, and
arahats
, the Pure Ones, are
visuddhi
devas. Amongst the
arahats
the Buddha is peerless.