Chapter 42
existences. Thus, the Pariyat Doctrine defines the Noble Practice in these significant
absolute terms, replete with profound meaning.
Further, the Noble Practice is expounded in words and phrases that are perfect. In this
matter there are ten important rules of enunciation of words. They are:
i)
Sithila akkharas
, unstressed words (e.g.) ka, ca, Ôa.
ii)
Dhanita akkharas
, strongly stressed words (e.g.) kha, gha, In the five-letter groups of
PÈli alphabet, the second five letters and the fourth five letters are strongly stressed
words.
iii)
DÊgha akkharas
, letters associated with long vowels, (e.g.) kÈ k|, ke, ko.
iv)
Rassa akkharas
, letters associated with short vowels, (e.g.) ka, ki, ku.
v)
Gaur akkharas
, 'weighty' words all the
dÊgha akkharas
and short sounding words
with conjunct-consonants trailing behind belong to this class. (e.g.) In
santa
(sa anta):
the short-sounding word,
sa
becomes
san
here, which is a
garu akkhara
.
vi)
Lahu akkhara
, all other short-sounding words (
rassa akkharas
) with no conjunct-
consonants.
vii)
Niggahita akkharas
: words uttered with a closed mouth (the sound produced by
closing the mouth without letting the sound and the air caused by the respective
organ of speech escape is called
niggahita
).
viii)
Vinutta akkharas
: words uttered with the mouth opened (e.g.) KÈ.
ix)
Sambandha akkharas
: two successive words with a connected sound (e.g.) In
upasampadÈ pekkho
, no pause is to intervene between
dÈ
and
pek
, but the whole
word is to be uttered without break in between.
x)
Vavatthita akkharas
: separately sounded words (e.g.) In
suÓÈtu
me
, there must be a
pause between
suÓÈtu
and
me
.
The above ten rules are called the Ten
VyaÒjana buddhis
.
VyaÒjana
means words uttered
as vocal expressions of the mind.
VyaÒjanabhuddhi
means the mind and mental
concomitants that cause the utterance of words. The words thus uttered also are called
VyaÒjanabuddhi
in a metaphorical sense.
It is not all the languages that conform to the above ten rules of enunciation. For instance,
in Tamil only one or two of the rules are met with. In KirÈta there are no labial sounds. In
Yun every word is pronounced heavily. In PÈrasika (PÈdasika) all words are pronounced as
niggahÊta
. A discourse made by anyone in those tongues is therefore deficient in the
linguistic aspect.
The Buddha expounds the Pariyat Doctrine in accordance with the ten rules of
enunciation. Hence the Pariyat Doctrine the Noble Practice is perfect in words and phrases.
(The perfection of the words and phrases is discussed along the grammatical rules, such as
Netti, etc., in
Visuddhi-magga
and the great Sub-commentary, other Commentaries and
Sub-commentaries. Here we are not going into these details.)
Furthermore, the Pariyat Doctrine expounded by the Buddha is perfect because it contains
the five qualities, namely, Morality, Concentration, Wisdom, Emancipation and Insight
leading to emancipation so that there is no essential thing or no other pure element to add
to it.
Again, the Pariyat Doctrine expounded by the Buddha is perfect in the sense that there is
nothing that is harmful and is to be discarded, for it has no trace of the defiling things such
as wrong view or conceit, but is purely productive of liberation from the woeful round of
existences. In another sense, there is no flaw whatever in this Pariyat Doctrine since it is
not something that is delivered to anyone with an eye on material gain or for fame and
applause. Therefore, it is pure in all aspects.
Thus the Pariyat Doctrine preached by the Buddha is truly well expounded (
SvÈkkhÈta
)
because of its perfection in meaning, in words and phrases, and is by its very nature
perfectly pure, laying down the Practice of Purity in its two fold modes.