Chapter 42
Peace. Attaining that excellent goal with
magga-ÒÈÓa
at one sitting is the Buddha's
attribute. (Here the Ariya Path is the attribute and the mind-body continuum of the
five aggregates of the Buddha is the possessor of that attribute.) In both these two
interpretations, proceeding to NibbÈna means having NibbÈna as object of thought.
The going or proceeding here is by means of knowledge only and does not, cannot,
connote the physical act of going which applies where a certain geographical place is
the destination.
(c)
Su: SammÈ
well;
gata
: gone to NibbÈna by means of Path Knowledge (
Magga-ÒÈÓa
).
Here the adverb ‚well‛ denotes freedom from defilements. The going is well since
the defilements destroyed by the four Path Knowledges do not arise in the Buddha
any more.
In all the above three interpretations the ultimate sense is the same: having
NibbÈna as object of thought through the four
magga
s. This is the first
explanation of
sugata
in the brief meaning given earlier on.
(d)
Su: SammÈ
, well;
gata
, speaks appropriately on appropriate occasions. Here
gada
is
the root that is changed into
gata
. The appropriate speech or speaking well is further
explained thus:
‚There are six kinds of speech among people; of these six, four should be rejected, i.e. not
resorted to, and only two should be adopted.‛
(i)
There is the kind of speech which is not true, which is not beneficial and not liked by
the other party, (e.g. saying that a virtuous person is wicked.) The Buddha avoids this
kind of speech.
(ii)
There is the kind of speech which is true but which is of no benefit to, and not
acceptable to the other party, (e.g. calling a bad man a bad man, not intending to
correct him but merely out of malice.) The Buddha avoids this kind of speech also.
(iii)
There is the kind of speech which is true, which is beneficial but is not liked by the
other party to hear it. (e.g. Referring to Devadatta as the one heading for
Niraya
–
spoken by the Buddha out of compassion for him.) The Buddha speaks this kind of
speech when occasion demands it.
(iv)
There is the kind of speech which is not true, which is not beneficial to the other
party, but is liked by him. (e.g. quoting the Vedas and claiming that an evil deed such
as killing will lead to the good destinations.) The Buddha avoids this kind of speech
also.
(v)
There is the kind of speech which is true but is not beneficial to the other party, and
he likes to hear it. (e.g. a true statement which is going to drive a wedge between the
other parties.) The Buddha avoids this kind of speech also.
(vi)
There is the kind of speech which is true, which is beneficial to the other party, and
he likes to hear it. (e.g. discourse on alms-giving, morality, etc. given on appropriate
occasions.) The Buddha speaks this kind of speech when the occasion is appropriate.
Out of the above six kinds of speech, the Buddha speaks only the third and the sixth kinds
only.
Regarding the third kind above, if a statement is true and is beneficial to the other party,
although he does not like to hear it, the Buddha would say it because it would benefit other
people who hear it, and will be for the good of the world at large.
Thus, if a statement is true and is beneficial to the hearer, the Buddha says it whether the
hearer likes it or not. Therefore the Buddha is called
Sugata
, the One who speaks what is
beneficial and true. The speaking of what is beneficial and true is the attribute, and the
mind-body continuum of the five aggregates of the Buddha is the possessor of this
attribute. (refer to the brief meaning of this attribute given earlier on.)
Abhaya RÈjakumÈra Sutta In Brief
The six kinds of speech are featured in Majjhima NikÈya
,
1. Gahapati vagga, 8: Abhaya