THE GREAT CHRONICLE OF BUDDHAS
1108
The beginningless round of existences is called the cycle of
saÑsÈra
. This cycle, if
reviewed in its ultimate sense, is a set of twelve factors of Dependent Origination.
Ignorance being the source or cause of rebirth is the hub of the wheel. Aging and death
being the end of a given existence is the tyre of the wheel. The remaining ten factors,
having the hub (ignorance) and the tyre (aging and death) as their two extremities, are the
spokes of the wheel.
The Buddha has totally destroyed these spokes of the wheel of
saÑsÈra
. Therefore the
breaking up of the ten factors of Dependent Origination by the four strokes of the sword of
magga-ÒÈÓa
is the attribute of
arahaÑ
in this fourth interpretation. The mind-body
continuum of the five aggregates of the Buddha is the possessor of this attribute.
(e)
ArahaÑ
can also be interpreted as ‚he who is worthy of homage by devas, humans and
BrahmÈs.‛ That is because the Buddha is the noblest person worthy of receiving the
special offerings of the four
bhikkhu
requisites by all the three worlds. That is why
when the Buddha arises in the world, powerful devas and humans do not make their
offerings and pay homage to any other deity but the Buddha.
Let us take some important instances of this fact: BrahmÈ Sahampati made a special
offering of a posy of flowers the size of Mount Sineru to the Buddha. Other devas and
Kings, such as BimbisÈra, Kosala, etc., made the greatest offerings they could afford to
the Buddha; further, after the passing away of the Buddha, King Asoka spent ninety-six
crores of money to build eighty-four thousand monasteries throughout the Southern
Island Continent of Jamb|dÊpa in honour of the Buddha.
Therefore, the incomparable morality (
sÊla
), concentration (
samÈdhi
), wisdom (
paÒÒÈ
),
emancipation (
vimutti
) and knowledge leading to emancipation (
vimutti ÒÈÓa dassana
),
are the noble qualities that make the Buddha worthy of homage by devas, humans and
BrahmÈs, that is, the attribute of
arahaÑ
. The mind-body continuum of the five
aggregates of the Buddha is the possessor of this attribute. (The reader is asked to relate
these five interpretations to the meaning of
arahaÑ
given earlier.)
(2) SammÈsambuddha
(
SammÈ
, truly, correctly,
saÑ
, on one's own;
buddho
knower of all knowable things.)
The Buddha discovered the Truth by His own intellect and insight, unaided by anyone.
Paccekabuddhas also discover the Truth by their own intellect and insight. But they are not
able to teach the Truth, which they discover, to other persons, they do not deserve the
epithet
SammÈsambuddha
. They are only called
SaÑbuddha
. The
ariya
disciples know the
Truth only with the assistance of some teachers and they are able to preach it to others, but,
since they do not discover the Truth by themselves, they are also not called
SammÈsambuddha
. They are only called
SammÈbuddha
. The Buddhas are
SaÑbuddha
,
knower of the Truth and all knowable things through Self-Enlightenment. They are also
SammÈbuddha
because they can teach the Four Truths to their disciples each according to
their capacity, and in the language they can understand. So, a combination of these two
qualities makes the Buddha deserving of the title
SammÈsambuddha
.
Therefore, the four
magga-ÒÈÓas
that enable the Buddha to know, unaided, all knowable
things with Omniscience at the highest level, is this attribute called
SammÈsambuddha
. The
mind-body continuum of the five aggregates of the Buddha is the possessor of this
attribute.
(3) VijjÈcaraÓa sampanno
The One endowed with the three knowledges or the eight knowledges and the fifteen
forms of perfect practice of morality.
The three knowledges are taught by the Buddha in Bhayabherava Sutta
(Majjhima NikÈya.
MullapaÓÓÈsa), the eight knowledges are taught by the Buddha in AmbaÔÔha Sutta
(DÊgha
NikÈya). The two ways of teaching knowledge in three categories and eight categories is
adopted by the Buddhas through compassionate consideration of the mental framework of