Chapter 42
clan as a scoundrel and the future Pilindavaccha used to address all outsiders as
‚scoundrels‛. This habit became ingrained in him for so long a chain of existences that
even after becoming an
arahat
, the Venerable Pilindavaccha could not help himself with
addressing all others, though inadvertently, as ‚you scoundrel‛. This was not through any
defilement of conceit of birth but merely habituated action of the past.
(c)
ArahaÑ
can be interpreted as ‚one who has no secret place for doing evil‛ (
a
+
raha
).
There are some people who pose themselves as wise men or good men who put on
appearances only but who are prone to evil in private. As for the Buddha, since He has
destroyed all defilements absolutely together with proclivity to any habitual actions,
there can be no secret place for Him to do evil nor does He do any evil in any secret
place. This noble quality of having no secret place for evil is the attribute of
arahaÑ
and the Buddha's mind-body continuum of five aggregates is the possessor of that
attribute.
(d)
ArahaÑ
can also mean ‚one who has broken up into pieces the spokes that make up
the wheel of existences‛ (
ara
+
hata
). Existence in the three spheres, which are the
Sensuous Sphere, the Fine Material Sphere and the Non-Material Sphere, are
figuratively called ‚the carriage of the round of existences.‛ The continuous arising of
the aggregates (
khandÈ
), and the sense-bases (
Èyatana
) and elements (
dhÈtu
) is
figuratively called ‚the wheel of existences‛ which is the essential part of the carriage
of the round of existences. In that wheel, there are ignorance and craving for existence
as its hub, while volitional activities (
puÒÒÈbhi-sa~khÈra
) that find their expression in
meritorious volitions or meritorious actions pertaining to the Sensuous Sphere and the
Fine Material Sphere make up the spokes of the wheel that arises in the Sensuous
Sphere and the Fine Material Sphere. Likewise, demeritorious volitions (
apuÒÒÈbhi-
sa~khÈra
) that cause demeritorious actions pertaining to the four miserable states of
ApÈya
make up the spokes of the wheel that arises in the four miserable states. And
likewise, meritorious volitions (
aneÒjÈbhi-sa~khÈra
) pertaining to the Non-Material
Sphere that cause meritorious actions make up the spokes of the wheel that arises in
the Non-Material Sphere.
Of the arising of those three types of volitional activities, ignorance and craving for
existence are called ‘the hub’, since the hub is where the turning of the wheel originates,
forming thereby the cause of the
saÑsÈric
cycle. Its force is passed on to the rim or tyre,
figuratively, the result (that ends in aging and death), by the spokes, the volitional
activities. (In this first mode of presentation, the gist about the twelve factors of
Dependent Origination is that Ignorance and Craving are shown as the hub of the wheel;
aging and death are shown as the tyre; and the three type of volitional activities are
shown as the spokes of the wheel of
saÑsÈra
. The remaining factors of Dependent
Origination are shown as the body of the carriage of the round of existences.)
It is due to the presence of moral intoxicants (
Èsava
s) that ignorance (
avijjÈ
) arises.
Ignorance has its source or cause in moral intoxicants. As such, moral intoxicants can be
seen as the axle that is fixed to the hub of ignorance and craving for ignorance.
Thus, in the wheel of
saÑsÈra
, with the axle of moral intoxicants fitted to the hub of
ignorance and craving for existence, with the spokes of three types of volitional activities
and the tyre of aging and death, which has been turning since the beginningless
saÑsÈra
,
that has borne the carriage of existence in the three spheres, the Buddha has, on His
attaining perfect Enlightenment, broken into pieces, the spokes of the wheel by standing on
the two feet of mental and physical endeavour, taking firm stand on morality (
sÊla
), and
holding, in His hand of conviction, the pick-axe of
magga-ÒÈÓa
(the merit that exhausts
kamma).
Therefore, the breaking up of the spokes of the wheel of
saÑsÈra
by the pick-axe of the
four
magga-ÒÈÓas
is the attribute of
arahaÑ
; the mind-body continuum of the five
aggregates of the Buddha is the possessor of this attribute.
Another explanation: