Chapter 40
Buddha. The Venerable Œnanda refused as related above. However, the Buddha said to
Venerable Œnanda: ‚Œnanda, do not prevent him. Let him put his question to Me.‛
Subhadda was accordingly admitted into the Buddha’s private quarters which was screened
off from outside. He sat at the foot of the Buddha’s couch and addressed Him thus:
‚How is it, Revered Gotama,
i) Is it possible for a track to be present in the sky?
ii) Is it possible for SamaÓas who can quell the defilements to be present outside of the
Teaching of Buddha Gotama?
iii) Is it possible for any conditioned thing to remain permanent?
The Buddha answered the above three questions in the negative in the following stanzas:
(1) ŒkÈseva padaiÓ natthi samaÓo natthi bÈhire
papaÒcÈbhiratÈ pajÈ nippapaÒcÈ TathÈgatÈ
(2) ŒkÈseva padaiÓ natthi samaÓo nathi bÈhire
sa~khÈra sassatÈ natthi natthi buddhÈnamiÒjitarÑ
Subhadda, in the sky, there is no track. Even so, outside the Buddha's
Teaching, there is no
bhikkhu
(of the twelve categories) who can quell the
defilements. All sentient beings, be they devas, humans or BrahmÈs, take
delight in the three factors that tend to prolong
saÑsÈra
, namely, craving,
conceit and wrong view. All the Buddhas are free from these factors, (having
overcome them at the time of Enlightenment at the foot of the Bodhi tree)
Subhadda, in the sky there is no track. Even so, outside the Buddha's
Teaching, there is no
bhikkhu
(of the twelve categories) who can quell the
defilements. There is no conditioned thing, (i.e. the five aggregates) that
remains permanent. All the Buddhas are unperturbed (either by craving,
conceit, or wrong view).
At the end of the discourse Subhadda, the wandering ascetic, attained
anÈgÈmÊ-magga
.
And the audience that were present also benefited from the discourse.
This is the story of Subhadda, the wandering ascetic, as told in the Commentary on
the Dhammapada.
In this matter the two stories may be recompiled in this way:
Subhadda, the wandering ascetic, posed his question as contained in the MahÈvagga PÈli,
and after having listened to the Buddha’s answer to it, he further asked the three questions
as mentioned in the Dhammapada. After hearing the answers thereto, he became an
anÈgÈmin
. Then he became a Buddha's disciple, was admitted into the Order of Bhikkhus,
devoted himself to the Threefold Training, and became an
arahat
before the Buddha
realized ParinibbÈna.
The Buddha's Last Words
After Subhadda had become the last one to become an
arahat
, the Buddha gave
admonition, His last one, which He addressed to Œnanda, but was directed towards all the
large gathering of
bhikkhus
.
a) ‚Œnanda, it may be that some of you will think: ‘The Doctrine propounded by the
Teacher is bereft of its profounder; we have now no Teacher.’ But, Œnanda,
despondency of such nature is uncalled for. The Doctrine and Discipline which I
have taught and prescribed for you over these forty-five years, is to be your Teacher
when I am gone.‛
b) ‚Whereas Œnanda,
bhikkhus
now address each other by the term ‘
Èvuso’
(friend),
irrespective of seniority, they should not address each other like that after I am gone.
A senior
bhikkhu
should address a junior
bhikkhu
either by his given
bhikkhu
name