Chapter 40
(a) A straight question is answered by a categorical statement, e.g. if the question is: ‚Is
the eye impermanent?‛ the appropriate answer is: ‚Yes, the eye is impermanent.‛
(b) A question requiring an analysis to answer e.g. ‚Is the eye the only thing that is
impermanent?‛ The answer needs an analysis: ‚The eye is not the only thing that is
impermanent: the ear also is impermanent; the tongue also is impermanent; etc.‛
(c) A question to be replaced by question, e.g. ‚Is the ear to be regarded as being the same
as the eye? Is the eye to be regarded as being the same as the ear?‛ The appropriate
reply is: ‚In what sense is this question put?‛ Then if the inquirer says: ‚In the sense
of seeing: is the ear capable of seeing as the eye is?‛ The answer then is: ‚No, it is
not.‛ If again, the inquirer says: ‚In respect of its impermanence: is the ear the same as
the eye is?‛ The answer then is: ‚Yes, it is.‛
(d) The type of question that is ignored, e.g. To believers in
attÈ
, there is
java
(life),
sarÊra
(body), which are mere names but which do not exist in the ultimate sense, Therefore
if the question is, ‚Is life the same as the body?‛ the proper answer is silence because
one understands that the Buddha Himself ignores such a question. The question is of
the nature of saying, ‚the son of a barren woman‛, which is absurd.
(iv) The Four Vinayas.
(a)
Sutta
: here refers to the Three PiÔakas.
(b)
SuttÈnuloma
: the four MahÈpadesas (Great Authorities) described in the Vinaya and
the four MahÈpadesas described in the Suttanta.
(c)
ŒcariyavÈda
: miscellaneous exposition in elucidation of the doctrines of the Buddha
that were made even during His lifetime at different places. Since they explain the PÈli
texts, they were also called Commentaries (
aÔÔhakathÈ
). At the great Councils, the
bhikkhu
-elders recited the PÈli first and at the end of it, they prescribed the respective
Commentaries to each division of the texts as the regular syllabus for elucidation.
These learned sayings which were miscellaneous discourses as well as Commentaries,
being written by learned teachers, come to be known also as
ŒcariyavÈda
. These
learned observations or treatises which are referred to by three different names, which
are
ŒcariyavÈda, AÔÔhakathÈ, PakiÓÓakadesanÈ
, were carried by the Venerable
Mahinda to Sri Lanka. The Sri Lanka
bhikkhu
-elders translated them into Sinhalese to
ensure, for Sinhalese
bhikkhus
, the tradition against doctrines that might be introduced
by other sects later. The Venerable MahÈ Buddhaghosa studied the Sinhalese
AÔÔhakathÈ
, (i.e. the
M|Äa PakiÓÓaka
) cleared up repetitive statements and condensed
them wherever suitable, classified them under suitable headings which were
appropriate to the PiÔaka texts, elucidating wherever necessary, and thereby produced a
new Commentary in MÈgadÊ, adding the traditional views held by
bhikkhu
-elder
(
TheravÈda
) which came to be called ‘own views’ (
attanomati
), wherever necessary.
Thus,
ŒcariyavÈda
, the third of the four Vinayas, is for practical purposes as used
today, refers to (This new) Commentary.
(d)
Attanomati
: this is a reference to the ‘own views’ i.e. considered opinions held by
bhikkhu
-elders after following the principles contained in the
Sutta, Suttanuloma
and
ŒcariyavÈda
.
Attanomate
is also known as
TheravÈda
, the doctrines upheld
traditionally by
bhikkhu
-elders. Thus these four Vinayas are
Sutta, SuttÈnuloma,
ŒcariyavÈda
and
Attanomati
, should be noted..
(v) The Three Great Buddhist Councils.
(a) The first Great Council of five hundred
arahats
headed by the Venerable MahÈ
Kassapa.
(b) The Second Great Council of seven thousand
arahats
headed by the Venerable MahÈ
Yasa.
(c) The Third Great Council of one thousand
arahats
headed by the Venerable MahÈ
Moggaliputta.
These are the three great official Buddhist Councils.