THE GREAT CHRONICLE OF BUDDHAS
1036
The yogi, who begins the preliminary concentration by taking an external form as an
object of meditation, can fulfil all the three stages of concentration (i.e. the preliminary
stage (
parikamma-bhÈvanÈ
), the threshold stage (
upacÈra-bhÈvanÈ
) and the jhÈnic stage
(
appanÈ-bhÈvanÈ
).
The objects of concentration may either be small or large. For the yogi, who can achieve
the
abhibhÈyatana-jhÈna
, is of very keen intellect so that he does not find any difficulty on
account of the size of object of concentration. It is like that of a person of good appetite
who can eat a small amount or a big amount without difficulty. Whether the object of
concentration is small or big, the yogi of this calibre achieves threshold concentration
quickly and then immediately attains
appanÈ-jhÈna
, thus overcoming all opposing mental
states such as hindrances.
Regarding the first four of the eight
abhibhÈyatana-jhÈnas
, a small form, as object of
concentration, is suitable for yogi who are ruminative in nature (
vitakka-carita
). A big
form, as object of concentration, is suitable for yogi who have a bewildered nature (
moha-
carita
). An external form of good colour is suitable for yogi who are irritable by nature
(
dosa-carita
). An external form of bad colour is suitable for yogi who have a strong
inclination towards sensuous desire (
rÈga-carita
).
These
abhibhÈyatana
jhÈnas
were taught by the Buddha out of His own experience. As a
matter of fact, He had practised them innumerable times. To some people outside the
Buddha's Teaching, an indefinite object can be quite daunting to be taken as a proper object
of concentration, for an indefinite object may be as vast as the entire physical setting to the
world of living things. As for the Buddha the extent of object of concentration is infinite.
Nothing whatever can therefore daunt the Buddha's mind. In discoursing on the eight
abhibhÈyatana-jhÈnas
to Venerable Œnanda, the Buddha intended to let the venerable
disciple understand the fearless nature of the Buddha.
‚Œnanda,‛ the Buddha continued, ‚the TathÈgata, who has dwelt in the eight
abhibhÈyatana-jhÈnas
of such nature and has emerged from them, has no fear or dread at
all. That being so, how could anyone say that the TathÈgata was afraid of MÈra who came
to Him alone? Œnanda, in relinquishing the life-maintaining mental process, the TathÈgata
did so fearlessly, with mindfulness and clear comprehension.‛
(These words occur in the PakiÓÓaka Dhamma desanÈ PÈli which was not recited at the
Great Council but was quoted by the Commentaries.)
The Eight Stages of Release, Vimokkha
Then the Buddha without any pause continued to the next subject, on the eight stages of
release (
vimokkha
), in His discourse to the Venerable Œnanda thus:
‚Œnanda, there are eight stages of release (
vimokkha
). These are:
i) Having attained
jhÈna
by contemplating on one's own body, the yogi contemplates
external forms as
kasiÓa
objects. This is the first Release.
ii) Not taking any internal object, i.e. without contemplating on one's own body, the yogi
contemplates external forms (as
kasiÓa
objects). This the second Release.
iii) The yogi contemplates the brightness and clarity (
subha
) of the object of
contemplation. This is the third Release.
iv) Having completely transcended all forms of perception to corporeality (
r|pa-saÒÒÈ
),
all forms of consciousness arising out of contact between sense and sense object
(
paÔigha-saÒÒÈ
), having disappeared and completely disregarding all other forms of
multifarious consciousness (
nÈnatta-saÒÒÈ
), the yogi, contemplating "that space is
infinite", achieves concentration on that object of contemplation, and dwells in
ÈkÈsÈnaÒcÈyatana-jhÈna
. This is the fourth Release.
v) Having clearly advanced beyond the
jhÈna
of Infinity of Space, the yogi,
contemplating "that Consciousness is infinite," achieves concentration on that object of
contemplation, and dwells in
viÒÒÈÓaÒcayatana-jhÈna
. This the fifth Release.
vi) Having clearly advanced beyond the
jhÈna
of the Infinity of Consciousness, the yogi,