Chapter 40
Only the Venerable MahÈsÊva took different interpretation. According to him, ‚The
Buddhas never make claims about their powers without some good cause. That
being so, the BhagavÈ could repeatedly resort to entering into the absorption of
phala-samÈpatti
and go on prolonging His life by ten-month periods up to the end
of the present aeon which is marked by five Buddhas. (Yet why the Buddha did not
choose to do so? The Buddha probably had thought thus:) Human beings born with
the
kamma
-born corporeality are subject to decay. The Buddhas do not wish to
present themselves with their descript bodies which naturally show up after the
four-fifth of the life span has passed. That is why it is customary for all Buddhas to
pass away when they have attained four fifths of the life span, when their physical
appearance is still firm and inspiring for the devotees. There is also another
practical consideration: if a Buddha were to survive most of his great disciples and
were surrounded by youthful
bhikkhus
, the people would say: ‚Oh! what sort of
disciples Buddha has!‛ Thus, the Venerable MahÈsÊva maintained the practical
considerations that Buddhas take into account in not exercising their power of
living till the end of the aeon.
However, the Venerable MahÈsiva's views were not accepted by the
Commentators, who take ‘life span’ as the meaning of
Èyu-kappa
on the authority
of the
Pakinnaka desanÈ atthakatha
.
(Refer to Commentary on DÊgha NikÈya).
The view of Venerable MahÈsÊva was also rejected by the Sub-Commentary on
MahÈvagga
(DÊgha NikÈya). It says: ‚Since the MahÈsiva's view contains a
statement that human beings are subject to decay, which implies that decay cannot
be postponed by psychic power. In that case, it also implies that death cannot be
prevented by psychic power. Therefore, the argument is inherently unsound. Only
the view taken by the Commentary should be taken as the sound view, and not that
of MahÈsÊva.‛
In this matter, MahÈsÊva would appear to take only one point as primary
consideration, and that is, that a Bodhisatta's resultant-
kamma,
at his last existence,
has the power to prolong life for an infinite period. And that view coupled with the
authority of the PÈli (text) that the life maintaining
phala-samÈpatti
of Buddhas can
postpone fatal ailment, leads MahÈsÊva to claim that if the Buddha so wishes, he
might live on throughout the end of the present aeon.
Even though the resultant-
kamma
of a Bodhisatta at his last existence is supposed
to prolong life for an infinite period, that infinite period can be literally true only if
the prevailing life span is also an infinite period. But if the prevailing life span is
one hundred years, that (so-called) infinite period can last just one hundred years.
That indeed is so because the power of
kamma
has its effect limited by the extent
of the prevailing times, physical basis of the person, effort taken, and the plane of
existence. That is why the
PakiÓÓaka desanÈ
of the ancient Commentary takes the
meaning of
Èyu-kappa
as the prevailing life span. This view has also been
maintained by the new Commentators, such as Buddhaghosa, DhammapÈla, etc.
As regards the expression, ‚possessed by MÈra,‛ the twelve kinds of illusions
(
vipallasa
) should be noted.
(1) Impermanence (
anicca
) is held as permanence (
nicca
) through: (i) the illusion
of perception, (ii) the illusion of thought, and (iii) through the illusion of
views.
(2) Pain (
dukkha
) is held as pleasure (
sukha
) through; (i) the illusion of
perception, (ii) the illusion of thought, and (iii) the illusion of views.
(3) Non-self (
anatta
) is held as Self (
attÈ
) through (i) the illusion of perception,
(ii) the illusion of thought, and (iii) the illusion of views.
(4) Loathsomeness (
asubha
) is held as lovely (
subho
) through: (i) the illusion of
perception, (ii) the illusion of thought, (iii) the illusion of views.