Chapter 40
decline and a set of six factors of non-decline.
Regarding factors i, ii, iii above,
‘Showing kind regards by one's physical action’
means doing any deed with loving-
kindness. ‘
Showing kind regards by one's speech
’ means speech uttered with loving-
kindness.
‘Keeping kind attitude towards others’
means thinking kind thoughts towards
them.
In this text, although the Buddha taught that a
bhikkhu's
deeds, words and thoughts are to
be expressions of loving-kindness towards fellow-
bhikkhus
, the same principle should
govern all actions of lay persons too. The Buddha addressed the
bhikkhus
here simply
because in the four kinds of assembly the assembly of
bhikkhus
is the noblest.
Thus, a deed of a
bhikkhu's
loving-kindness may consist in doing personal service to
fellow-
bhikkhus
. In the case of a lay person, going to worship at a shrine or at Bodhi-tree,
or going to the monastery to invite the Sangha to an offering ceremony, warmly greeting
the
bhikkhus
on their alms-round, offering a suitable seat, seeing the
bhikkhu
off on his
religious mission, etc, are deeds of loving kindness.
A verbal action of a
bhikkhu's
loving kindness may be expressed in terms of preaching
the Rules of the Vinaya, showing the methods of meditation, preaching the Doctrine,
teaching the PiÔaka as the most important action. With lay person, stimulating and
organizing one's friends to do meritorious acts, such as going to a stupa or to the Bodhi tree
to pay respect, going to hear a discourse on the Dhamma, or to offer flowers or lights at
the shrines; urging them to abide by the ten moral actions; or to offer ticket alms-food or
to offer robes for the
vassa
period, or to donate the four
bhikkhu
requisites to the Sangha;
(and then having invited the Sangha for the offering,) to organize and urge friends to
prepare the food, to lay the seats, to provide drinking water, to greet the Sangha, to conduct
them to the seats prepared for them, and above all, to remind them to have the right attitude
in serving the Sangha. All these verbal activities spring from loving kindness.
A mental action of a
bhikkhu's
loving kindness takes the form of diffusing goodwill, after
having made the morning's ablutions, seated at a secluded place, and wishing all
bhikkhus
in the monastery well, that they all be free from trouble and ill-will. On the part of lay
persons they should diffuse a similar spirit of good will to all the Sangha ‚may the Sangha
be well, may they be free from trouble and ill-will.‛ Such an attitude constitutes mental
action springing from loving kindness.
Overt Action and Action in Private
(a) Of Deeds
Examples of overt action:
Helping in the stitching of robes of fellow-
bhikkhus
, whether senior or junior to oneself,
the younger
bhikkhus
washing the feet of
bhikkhu
-elders or doing other personal service,
such as fanning, respecting him, etc.
Example of action in private:
Looking after the personal property of fellow-
bhikkhus
, whether senior or junior to
oneself, which have not been properly looked after by the owner, and in doing so, doing it
without having any disrespectful opinion about the lack of care on the part of the owner,
but doing it as if it were one's own property that needs looking after.
(b) Of Words.
Example of overt verbal action:
Addressing another
bhikkhu
in reverential terms. e.g., the Venerable Thera Tissa.
Example of verbal action in private:
In inquiring after a certain
bhikkhu
-elder, asking as, ‚Where is our Venerable Thera
Deva?‛ or ‚Where is our Venerable Thera Tissa? When is he expected here?‛ (etc.)
(c) Of Thoughts.