Chapter 39
types of sensation is conducive to Sakka's understanding. The Buddha's method helped
Sakka to adopt the proper practice.
In the present question on Bhikkhu Morality of Restraint, (i.e. restraint that is the
obligatory virtue for
bhikkhu
), the mode of bodily conduct that should not be adopted, the
mode of verbal conduct that should not be adopted, and the kind of quest that should not be
taken up, do not constitute Bhikkhu Morality of Restraint. Yet, only if one is able to
abandon them, can one fulfil the practice of bodily conduct that should be adopted, verbal
conduct that should be adopted, and the kind of quest that should be taken up because all of
them are the factors that cleanse the mind. That is why the three defiling factors are
discussed along with the three cleansing factors in pairs. This method, the Buddha knows,
suits the disposition of Sakka in taking upon himself the proper practice.
Only when factors that ought not to be resorted to are made clear, would factors that
ought to be resorted to become a mode of practice This is the reason for the Buddha's
discussion of the pairs of useless factors and useful factors in the present set of questions
on the Bhikkhu Morality of Restraint, just as in the previous set of questions on sensation.
In the present set of answers, only bodily conduct that should be adopted, verbal conduct
that should be adopted, and the kind of quest that should be taken up, constitute the
Bhikkhu Morality of Restraint. The bodily conduct, the verbal conduct, and the quest that
should not be resorted to are defiling factors, and they must first be seen as such by Sakka.
Regarding the kind of quest that should be taken up, it may be spoken of in connection
with the course of action (
kammapatha
) or in connection with the prescribed form of
training precept, i.e.,
(i) Bodily conduct that should not be resorted to are three evil bodily actions,
namely, killing, stealing, and sexual misconduct. This is speaking in terms of
course of action. Physically committing the breach (lit. breach at the body-
door) of the moral precepts laid down by the Buddha constitutes bodily
conduct that should not be adopted. This is speaking in terms of precept.
Bodily conduct that should be adopted are: refraining from killing, refraining
from stealing, and refraining from sexual misconduct. This is speaking in
terms of courses of action. Physically restraining (lit. restraint at the body-
door) from transgressing the moral precepts laid down by the Buddha
constitutes bodily conduct that should be adopted. This is speaking in terms of
precept.
(The same distinction should be understood in respect of verbal conduct.)
(ii) Verbally committing four evil verbal actions, such as lying, slandering, etc. is
verbal conduct that should not be adopted. Refraining from transgressing the
four evil verbal actions in one's speech is verbal action that should be adopted.
(iii) Quest (
pariyesanÈ
) involves physical and verbal actions. It is covered by
bodily conduct and verbal conduct, except that in defining the Eight Precepts
with Right Livelihood as the eighth (
ŒjÊvaÔÔhamaka-sÊla
), a specific term
"quest" needs to be mentioned because these Eight Precepts involve actions at
the body-door and verbal-door (i.e. physical actions and verbal actions), and
not without effort. Quest is essentially the effort needed in making the quest.
(iv) Quest is of two kinds, ignoble and noble. The two kinds of quest are described
in the PÈsarÈsi Sutta
,
M|lapaÓÓÈsa. The gist of the teaching is this: where
someone, who himself is subject to birth, ageing, death and destruction, seeks
things animate (i.e. wife, children, servants, cattle, poultry, etc.) and inanimate
(such as gold and silver, etc.) which are also subject to birth, ageing and death,
(i.e. arising, decay and dissolution) this amounts to ignoble quest (
anariya-
pariyesanÈ
), the quest that should not be taken up. If someone who is himself
subject to birth, ageing and death, seeing the fault in seeking things animate or
inanimate, and seeks the deathless
dhamma
(i.e. NibbÈna where no rebirth
occurs) this is called noble quest (
ariya-pariyesanÈ
), the quest that should be