Chapter VII
causes. Similarly, it is only when one knows the characteristics, functions, manifestations
and proximate causes of the
pÈramÊs
collectively, as well as individually, then one will
have a clear understanding of them. Therefore, the Texts usually describe these four
features concerning the Perfections.
Characteristic (
LakkhaÓa
): The Commentary defines:
SÈmaÒÒaÑ vÈ sabhÈvo vÈ,
dhammÈnam lakkhanam matam
. Characteristic (
lakkhaÓa
) has two aspects: (i)
sÈmaÒÒa
4
,
ordinary features common to all, and (ii)
sabhÈva
, special feature peculiar to one and not
shared by others. (For example, the material qualities of
pathavÊ
(earth-element) has two
characteristics, namely, (a) change, impermanence, unsatisfactoriness, not being subject to
control, and (b) hardness. The characteristics under (a) are features common to other
elements, whereas the characteristic of hardness is the unique feature of the earth-element
only, not shared by others).
Function (
Rasa
): The Commentary defines:
Kiccam vÈ tassa sampatti, rasoti paridipaye.
Function is to be explained also as two aspects:
kicca
and
sampatti.
(i)
Kicca rasa
: function
which is to be performed, and (ii)
Sampatti rasa
: attainment as a result thereof.
Manifestation
5
(
PaccupaÔÔhÈna
): The Commentary defines:
Phalam va paccupatthanam-
upaÔÔhÈnÈkÈropi vÈ
. Whenever a person ponders deeply on a certain mind-object, what
usually appears in his mind relates to the nature of the mind-object under consideration,
relates to its functions, relates to its cause and relates to its effect. Thus, anyone of those,
which appears in his mind concerning the mind-object he is thinking about, is called
manifestation.
Proximate cause (
PadaÔÔhÈna
): The Commentary defines:
AsannakÈranam yaÑ tu,
padaÔÔhÈnanti tam matam.
The immediate contributory factor for the arising of an ultimate
reality is known as proximate cause.
What then are the four features of the Ten Perfections? The answer is: Dealing first with
those common to all the Ten Perfections, (i) they have the characteristic of serving the
interest of others; (ii) their function is to provide assistance to others (
kicca rasa
), or not
vacillating as to fulfilment (
sampatti rasa
); (iii) their manifestation is the appearance in the
yogi's mind of the knowledge that they have the nature of wishing for the welfare of beings
or the effect of becoming a Buddha; (iv) their proximate cause is Great Compassion
(
MahÈkaruÓÈ
) and skill in ways and means (
UpÈya-kosalla-ÒÈÓa
).
The four features belonging to each Perfections are:- (1) The volition founded on
mahÈkaruÓÈ
and
upÈya-kosalla ÒÈÓa
to relinquish, donate, give away one's possession to
others is called the Perfection of Alms-giving (
DÈna
).
(a) It has the characteristic of relinquishing. (b) Its function is to destroy greed that
clings to materials to be given away. (c) Its manifestation is non-attachment that appears in
the yogi's mind (regarding its nature) or attainment of wealth and prosperity and happy
existence (regarding its effect). (d) Its proximate cause is the object to be given, for giving
is possible only when there is that object.
(1) The Perfection of Generosity is well comprehended only when it is studied thoroughly
in the eight of these four aspects. When studied thus, it would be clearly and
completely grasped that
dÈna
is an act that has the characteristic of forsaking or
abandoning. At the same time, it performs the task of destroying greed that tends to
attach the donor to the things to be given away. To the yogi's mind, who ponders
4.
SÈmaÒÒa
and
sabhÈva
, both of ultimate realities, are known as
lakkhana
; (i)
sÈmaÒna
: features
common to all, and (ii)
sabhÈva
: features not shared by others but possessed by one and is thus
unique (
visesa
).
5. Manifestation should be known as
phala
and
upaÔÔhÈnÈkÈra
; (i)
phala
; the result of the ultimate
realities and (ii)
upaÔÔhÈnÈkÈra
; the way something manifests to the yogi. Whenever the yogi
ponders deeply over a certain ultimate reality, what relates to the nature, function, cause, or effect
of that reality appears in his mind. Thus something relating to any of these four and appearing in
the yogis mind is called manifestation.