Chapter 39
In this sixth question of Sakka, is the Buddha's answer relevant to Sakka's question? (One
might ask.)
The answer: Yes, it is.
And the explanation is this: Sakka asks subjectively a practice towards attaining NibbÈna.
It is a personal question. The Buddha gives the answer to suit the temperament of Sakka,
for working towards NibbÈna. The answer revolves around contemplation of the mind,
which is suited to Sakka's mental make-up. The Buddha opens up the subject of meditation
of mental phenomena with contemplating on the three kinds of
vedanÈ
. Therefore, the
answer is a relevant answer.
(This is an explanation in brief.)
To expand this:
For devas, the mind is a more appropriate subject for contemplation than the body.
Amongst mental aggregate,
vedanÈ
is most vivid to perceive.
The physical composition of devas is more subtle than that of human beings. Being a
result of superior
kamma
, their digestive capacity is also remarkably greater than that of
human beings so that very rich deva nutriment can easily be digested. This means a need
for regular feeding. When a deva misses a meal, he feels the pangs of hunger very acutely.
In fact, it can lead to dissolution of the body like a lump of butter placed on a heated slab.
This shows that, to a deva, the truth of painful sensation (
dukkha-vedanÈ
) is very easily
perceivable. Similarly, the pleasant sensation due to superior kinds of deva; pleasures that
may be indulged in to greater and greater degree is also easily perceivable: this also holds
true for neutral sensation (
upekkhÈ-vedanÈ
) which is peaceful and wholesome. That is why
the Buddha chooses the contemplation of the three kinds of sensation,
somanassa-vedanÈ,
domanassa-vedanÈ, upekkhÈ-vedanÈ
as a suitable practice for Sakka.
This will be elaborated further: There is meditation for insight (
vipassanÈ
) into the physical
aspect of one's body and meditation for insight (
vipassanÈ
) into the mental aspect of one's
body. Of these two main methods, the Buddha prescribes the former to those who have the
capacity to perceive physical phenomena. It may be taught briefly or in an elaborate way.
Usually, the essential nature of the Four (Primary) Elements is taught in detail as the
meditation subject (
catu dhÈtu vavatthÈna kammaÔÔhÈna
), on physical phenomena. To those
who have the innate capacity to perceive mental phenomena, a suitable subject on mental
phenomena is taught. In such a case, the physical basis of the mind has to be contemplated
first before proceeding to the contemplation of mental phenomena. In the case of Sakka
too, this was the procedure: physical phenomena was first touched upon briefly. However,
in the recorded text of the Teaching that preliminary aspect is not specified, and the
discourse on mental phenomena alone is recorded.
With devas, mental phenomena are better perceived. So the three kinds of sensation are
taught first. When mental phenomena is contemplated at the outset, there are three
approaches: (1) through contact (
phassa
) (2) through sensation (
vedanÈ
), and (3) through
mind (
citta
). (The three approaches are adopted only at the initial stage of meditation. Once
the nature of mental phenomena is grasped and when the impermanence (
anicca
),
woefulness (
dukkha
) and unsubstantiality (
anatta
) of mental phenomena is contemplated
upon, all mental phenomena are comprehended.
To explain this further:
(1) With some yogis, after contemplation of the body (i.e. physical phenomena) has been
mastered in a brief manner or in an elaborate manner, the contact (
phassa
) (which is a
mental phenomenon), falling on the physical phenomena that is under contemplation,
becomes evident. (2) With some yogis, the sensation experienced in respect of the physical
phenomena, which is under contemplation, becomes evident. (3) With some yogis, the
consciousness which cognizes the physical phenomenon under contemplation, becomes
evident. (In these three ways, the interrelationship between mind and body comes to be
understood by the yogi.)