THE GREAT CHRONICLE OF BUDDHAS
954
to another person is an object of one's dislike even though it is a good thing. This is
because for one who looks at it in anger (i.e., with a biased mind) that good thing
appears hateful.)
—— Commentary and Sub-Commentary on Machavagga
,
DÊgha NikÈya ——
Stinginess arises on account of objects that one likes. Envy arises on account of objects
that one dislikes. In another mode of explanation, both envy and stinginess arise out of
likes and dislikes. This will be elucidated as follows:
For a
bhikkhu
, a co-resident pupil or some living thing of his fancy may be there as
objects of his liking. For a lay person, there are his children and his possessions, such as
elephants, horses or cattle, which are objects of his liking. When the
bhikkhu
or the lay
person is away from them, even for a short time, he feels uneasy. When the
bhikkhu
or the
lay person sees someone else having similar objects or that person's liking, there arises in
that
bhikkhu
or lay person envy against the other person. If some other person were to
come and ask that
bhikkhu
or lay person to loan him that favourite pupil (of the
bhikkhu
) or
the children or elephant or horse (of the lay person) for some purpose for a short time, the
bhikkhu
or lay person would refuse, saying: ‚I cannot loan him/her (or it) to you. He/she
(or it) will get tired or feel bored.‛ In this manner, there arise both envy and stinginess on
account of some object of one's liking.
(Again,) for
bhikkhus
, there are
bhikkhu
requisites, such as alms-bowl or robes, which are
objects that he likes. For lay person, there are various possessions, such as clothing and
ornaments, which are objects that he or she likes. When that
bhikkhu
or lay person sees
someone else having similar objects of that other person's liking, that
bhikkhu
or lay person
has an evil thought: ‚Oh it would be well if that person did not have those agreeable
things!‛ This is envy. If someone were to ask that
bhikkhu
or lay person to loan, for a short
time, that property of one's fancy, the
bhikkhu
or lay person would refuse, saying: ‚Ah!
that is not possible. I value that thing so much that I very seldom use it myself.‛ This is
how an object of one's liking gives rise to stinginess.
Furthermore, whether for a
bhikkhu
or a lay person, there are persons or things such as a
wayward pupil or child, or an inferior article in his or her possession. Although those
persons and things are actually not likable person or things, yet, due to the deluding nature
of defilement, these very person and things become objects of their liking. That
bhikkhu
or
lay person would feel self-satisfaction about those persons or things. ‚Who else can have
such valuable assets?‛ they would think. Thus entertaining thoughts of self-admiration on
account of greed (
lobha
) for these possessions, envy, the evil desire to deny others of these
(kinds of) possessions, arises. (This is envy that springs from self-esteem and that arises
due to the likelihood or possibility of other persons to come into possession of (the kind
of) things one possesses.
(In another way:) As in the aforesaid case where one entertains thoughts of self-
admiration on account of greed for their possessions (of no intrinsic worth), one wishes:
‚Oh that, that person did not have those things!‛ Thus envy arises. This is envy that springs
from what other people already possess. (This latter explanation is not given in detail since
it has already been shown in the Commentary. The former explanation is made in an
inferential way which is suitably modified to be in line with the Sub-Commentary thereto,
and MulaÔÊkÈ to the AÔhasÈlinÊ.) If someone came and asked for a loan of these persons or
things of one's liking even for a short time, the owner is not willing to part with them. This
is how persons or things that ought not to be cherished can also become a source of envy
and stinginess.
(3) The Third Question and Answer
On How Love and Hatred arise due to Craving
Sakka received with delight the Buddha's answer and asked the next question.
‚Venerable Sir, what is the cause of like and dislike? What is their origin?
What is their genesis? What is their source? When what factor is present, do