28: The 10th Rains Retreat (Pāḷileyyaka) – 978
10. What the Buddha does prescribe as the rule of the Buddha.
11. What is a not an offence as no offence.
12. What is an offence as an offence.
13. What is a minor offence as a minor offence.
14. What is a major offence as a major offence.
15. What is an expiable offence as an expiable offence.
16. What is an inexpiable offence as an inexpiable offence.
17. What is a gross offence as a gross offence.
18. What is not a gross offence as not a gross offence.
Dear son Sāriputta, by these eighteen characteristics should a righteous person
be known.” Thus taught the Buddha.
Herein, this is an instruction given by using the method of teaching with
reference to individuals (
puggala-diṭṭha-dhamma-desanā
); the eighteen
items, such as indicating what is not Dhamma as Dhamma, indicating what
is Dhamma as not Dhamma, indication of a gross offence as not a gross
offence, and indication of what is not a gross offence as a gross offence,
are called the eighteen characteristics of unrighteousness (
adhamma-
vatthu
). They are also called the eighteen causes of schism in the Saṅgha
(
bheda-kara-vatthu
). He who possesses any of these eighteen
characteristics is to be known as an unrighteous person (
adhamma-vādī
).
Similarly, on the side of righteousness, the eighteen items, such as
indicating what is not Dhamma as not Dhamma, indicating what is
Dhamma as Dhamma, indicating a gross offence as a gross offence, and
indicating what is not a gross offence as not a gross offence, are called the
eighteen characteristics of righteousness (
Dhamma-vatthu
). He who
possesses any of these characteristics is to be known as a righteous person
(
Dhamma-vādī
). Thus the purport of the Buddha’s instruction should be
understood briefly.
The distinction between positive and negative items:
The following explanation is taken from the commentary to the Chapter
about Schism in the Saṅgha (
Saṅgha-bhedakakkhandhaka
, Vin Cv 7):
Of these two sets of eighteen items, by way of the discourses (
suttanta
), the
ten wholesome actions (
kusala-kamma-patha
) are the Dhamma; the ten