Introduction – 8
O Buddha, who is endowed with the four kinds of right exertion, who is
the highest among men and higher than Devas and Brahmas, and who is
thus chief of these three categories of beings! How should we comprehend
your resolve to become a Buddha with great glory that pervades the whole
universe extending from the bottom realm of intense suffering to the top
realm of the Brahmas. Since when has your mind become inclined to
achieve the highest laurel of Perfect Self-Awakening, which surpasses the
Awakening of an Independent Buddha and the Awakening of a Disciple?
The four right exertions (
sammappadhāna
) are: 1) The endeavour to
prevent the arising of evil which has not yet arisen; 2) the endeavour to put
away evil that has arisen; 3) the endeavour to bring about the arising of
good which has not yet arisen; and 4) the endeavour to further develop the
good that has arisen.
[This is the text and a translation of Bv 1.75. As can be seen, this is a very
long translation of what is just two lines in Pāḷi, an expansive form of
translation the author uses throughout the text. Although not common in
English, this form of translation is very common in Buddhist countries.]
This enquiring note of acclamation was sounded in the sky over the city of
Kapilavatthu on the first waning moon of May (
Vesākha
), in the year 527
BCE
.
1
The background story, in brief, of this question is narrated below.
The Buddha, the omniscient one and Lord of the Three Worlds, observed the
first Rains Retreat (
Vassa
) in the Deer Park of Isipatana, Bārāṇasī, in the year
528
BCE
. During this retreat, he converted the Group-of-Five ascetics and the
group of 54 friends headed by Yasa, the son of a wealthy man, leading them to
Awakening. When the retreat was over, he asked them to disseminate the
Dhamma, which is excellent in all three aspects – the beginning, the middle and
the end – with no two of them going in the same direction. He himself went
alone towards the forest of Uruvelā to convert the three ascetic Kassapa
brothers and their followers, numbering 1,000.
On the way to Uruvelā, on reaching the Kappāsika cotton grove, the Buddha
met with the group of 30 auspicious (
bhadda-vaggiya
) men who were searching
1
[The text has Kason here, the Myanmar name for the month; and the date was given
from the time of the Great Era. I have converted all such references to the Pāḷi and
English names, with Common Era equivalents.]