13: The Buddha sends out the Sixty Arahats – 513
In the above paragraph of the Buddha’s speech, the words: “The Dhamma
that is full of virtuous qualities in all its three phases: the beginning, the
middle and the end,” refers to two good qualities (
kalyāṇa
), the good
quality of the Dispensation (
Sāsana
) and the good quality of the teaching
(
desanā
).
Of the two categories of good qualities, morality (
sīla
) forms the quality at
the beginning of the Dispensation (
Sāsana
); concentration (
samatha
),
insight (
vipassanā
) and fourfold path (
magga
) form the quality at the
middle of the Dispensation (
Sāsana
); the fourfold fruition and Nibbāna
form the quality at the end of the Dispensation (
Sāsana
).
Alternately, we can take morality and concentration as the beginning,
insight-knowledge (
vipassanā-ñāṇa
) and path-knowledge (
magga-ñāṇa
) as
the middle and fruition (
phala
) and Nibbāna as the end qualities.
Another alternative is morality, concentration and the path-knowledges
are the beginning, the fourfold paths are the middle and the fourfold
fruitions and Nibbāna are the end qualities.
As regards the good qualities of the teaching (
desanā
), in a four line verse,
the first foot is the beginning, the second and the third feet are the middle
and the fourth foot at the end are the qualities. If a verse has five or six
feet, the first foot as the beginning, the second, third and fourth foot are
the middle and the final fifth or the sixth feet are the end.
[401]
In a discourse with only one contextual connective (
anusandhi
), the
introduction (
nidāna
) of the discourse is the beginning, the group of words,
Idaṁ avoca…
and so on, are the end and the remaining group of words are
the middle qualities.
In a discourse with many contextual connectives, the introduction is the
beginning, the group of words,
Idaṁ avoca…
and so on are the end, and
the group of words with many contextual connectives are the middle. By
discourse (
sutta
) is meant that which shows one or two or three of the good
qualities of the teaching.
Māra’s Visit and Deterrence
When the Buddha was thus addressing and sending out the 60 Arahats as
missionaries, Māra thought to himself: “As if planning to wage a big war, this
monk Gotama is sending out 60 Arahats, the military commanders of the
Dispensation (
Sāsana
), by saying: “Do not travel in twos on each journey.