III: Sumedha the Brahmin – 50
Vedas of
Iru
,
Yaju
and
Sāma
, and, being expert in these texts, could recite them
flawlessly. Effortlessly, he became well versed in 1) The glossaries that explains
various terms (
nighaṇḍu
); 2) rhetoric (
keṭubha
), which is concerned with literary
works and which explains various literary ornamentations of learned authors; 3)
grammar (
vyākaraṇa
or
akkhara-pabheda
), that deals with the analysis of words
and explains various grammatical rules and such things as the alphabet,
consonants, vowels, etc.; and 4) Ancient Histories (
Itihāsa
), also called tales of
old (
purāṇa
), which constitutes the fifth Veda and which tells of legends and
ancient tales.
The author says: “Ancient Histories as the fifth Veda,” means it is the fifth
in the enumeration of sciences, which according to the canon, should run:
1) Three Vedas, 2) glossaries (
nighaṇḍu
), 3) rhetoric (
keṭubha
) 4) grammar
(
vyākaraṇa
) and 5) Ancient Histories (
Itihāsa
).
According to the Collection of the Long Discourses (
Dīgha-nikāya
)
commentary, by adding the fourth, Atharvaveda (
Athabbaṇa
), the Vedas
become four in number and hence Ancient Histories (
Itihāsa
), which
comes after them, is the fifth.
He was equally well-versed in Lokāyata, or natural philosophy, which
discourages deeds of merit and favours actions which prolong Saṁsāra and in
works dealing with various characteristics of great men, such as Perfect
Bodhisattas, Independent Bodhisattas, etc. He was also an accomplished teacher
in Brahmanical lore that had been taught by generation after generation of
teachers.
The parents of the wise Sumedha passed away while he was still young. Then the
family treasurer, bringing the list of riches, opened the treasure-house which
was full of gold, silver, rubies, pearls, etc., said: “Young master, this much is the
wealth that has come down from your mother’s side and this much from your
father’s, and this much from your ancestors.” He informed him of his wealth
which had belonged to seven generations of his ancestors, and saying: “Do as
you wish with these riches,” handed them over to him.