9: The Buddha Reflects on the Dhamma – 448
(May) Ven. Mahānāma and Ven. Assaji were established in Stream-entry, both
being ordained by the Buddha himself with the summons: “Come, monastic.”
After all five ascetics became established in Stream-entry (
Sotāpatti-phala
), the
Buddha, on the fifth waning day, decided to expound the doctrine further so as
to lead them to Awakening. And accordingly on that day he taught them the
Discourse on the Characteristics of Non-Self (
Anatta-lakkhaṇa-sutta
, SN22.59).
The Buddha introduced the discourse with the statement: “Corporeality,
monastics,
[1170]
is not self,” and explained this fact with the suffering
characteristic (
dukkha
) of corporeality. Then he put questions to the five
monastics: “Is corporeality permanent or impermanent?” The monastics,
pondering on the question, gave the reply: “Impermanent, venerable sir.”
By this similar question and answer method, the Buddha drew out from his
hearers the impermanent character of the five aggregates, one by one. Likewise,
he drew out the fact of suffering (
dukkha
) and non-self (
anatta
) from the
disciples. This method of dialogue in which the disciple comes to his own
conclusion of the three characteristics of the five aggregates is technically
termed by the commentators as the triple-round discourse (
teparivaṭṭa-dhamma-
desanā
). In this matter, what the Buddha wishes to establish is the character of
not-self (
anatta
), after first establishing the impermanent character (
anicca
) and
the suffering character (
dukkha
) of the five aggregates.
We shall explain this further: In some of the discourses the Buddha expounded
on the impermanent nature of the five aggregates with regard to their
impermanent character.
155
In some discourses, he makes the not-self character
clear through the fact of its suffering (
dukkha
) character. The earlier part of the
present discourse is a case in point. In some discourses, he makes the not-self
character evident after having first established the fact of the impermanent and
suffering character. In this present discourse, the latter part makes this clear.
156
The Buddha takes this approach because the impermanent and suffering nature
of things is evident to all whereas the not-self nature is not so evident.
To explain this further: When somebody, by accident breaks some utensil, he or
she would remark: “Ah, it’s impermanent!” but not: “Ah, it is unsubstantial, or
155
See e.g. the Discourse on Six by Six (
Cha-chakka-sutta
, MN 148).
156
See also the Discourse about Arahats (
Arahanta-sutta
, SN 22.110).