The Second Treatise on the Perfections – 2798
have already attained the same, is a truth; it is therefore called the noble truth of
suffering.
In short, the five aggregates of clinging (
pañcūpādānakkhandha
), also named
the phenomena of the three mundane planes of existence, are all suffering, and
they are nothing but suffering. The five aggregates of clinging are: the
aggregate of matter (
rūpa
), the aggregate of feelings (
vedanā
), the aggregate of
perceptions (
saññā
), the aggregate of volitions (
saṅkhāra
) and the aggregate of
consciousness (
viññāṇa
), which form objects of attachments as “I,” “mine,”
“myself.” These five aggregates are called the noble truth of suffering.
The Noble Truth of the Cause of Suffering
The five aggregates that are clung to (
pañcūpādānakkhandha
), which form the
noble truth of suffering, do not arise by themselves. They have reasons for their
arising, the most fundamental and important being craving for sense objects.
In the world, every being is subject to suffering because he or she is to toil daily
for the essentials of living, and all this is motivated by craving. The more one
craves for good living, the greater one’s suffering is. If one would be satisfied
with a simple life, living very simply on bare necessities, one’s misery would be
alleviated to a corresponding extent. It is clear, therefore, that suffering,
wrongly believed to be good living, is caused by craving.
Beings do all kinds of acts for wanting better things, not only for the present life
but also for coming existences. When a new birth appears as a result of those
acts, the real cause for this new birth is found to be the craving that motivates
those acts.
Craving is called the noble truth of the cause of suffering because it is truly that
craving which is the origin of suffering (
upādānakkhandha
) in the new birth. In
other words, craving is the true cause of the aggregates, which causes suffering.
This noble truth of the cause of suffering (
dukkha-samudaya-sacca
) is also
referred to, in short, as the truth of the cause (
samudaya-sacca
).
The Noble Truth of the Cessation of Suffering
Craving, called the truth of the cause of suffering, like the gum of the Ironwood
tree, clings to various mundane sense objects, but, like flies which cannot
approach a burning iron, it cannot form an attachment to Nibbāna.