The Second Treatise on the Perfections – 2794
former, correct from the point of view of conventional usage, is conventional
truth; the latter, correct from the point of view of ultimate sense, is ultimate
truth.
Although Buddhas intend to teach only the nature of absolute reality, they do
not exclude the conventional terms from their teaching. Instead, they mention
them side by side with those of ultimate truth. For instance, even in the first
discourse, though the emphasis is on
[1627]
the two extremes and the middle
path, it is taught that “the two extremes should not be taken up by a monastic,”
in which “monastic” is a mere designation.
[The translators had here written “a recluse,” which implies that the
underlying word was
samaṇa
. The latter, however, is not mentioned in the
relevant section, only monastics (
bhikkhu
) are mentioned there. It should
further be noticed that none of the Group-of-Five had been ordained at
this time, but they were still referred to by the Buddha as
bhikkhu
.]
When the Buddha teaches ultimate truth, he uses conventional designations
wherever necessary. He does so not just to make a contrast. For ordinary persons,
the conventional truth is as important as the ultimate truth. Had the Buddha
taught things only in ultimate terms, those with the proper mental attitude will
understand that “whatever exists in the world is impermanent, unsatisfactory
and unsubstantial,” and they will make efforts to cultivate insight (
vipassanā
)
meditation, which will directly lead them to Nibbāna.
On the other hand, those with an improper mental attitude will hold thus: “It is
said that there are only aggregates of mind and matter, which are subject to
impermanence, suffering and unsubstantiality in this world. There is no self, nor
are there other persons. Then there cannot be such things as ‘my wealth, my son,
my wife,’ nor can there be such things as ‘his wealth, his son, his wife.’ One can
make use of anything as one desires. Because there is no such thing as ‘he,’ there
can be no such thing as ‘killing him,’ no such thing as ‘stealing his property,’ no
such thing as ‘doing wrong with his wife.’ ” Thus will they commit evil
according to their wild desires. So, upon their death, they will be reborn in states
of suffering. To prevent this, the discourses are delivered embodying
conventional terms. The discourse teachings thus form effective measures for
beings to prevent them from falling into the four states of suffering.
Besides, the discourse teachings lead beings to such happy states as the human
world, the celestial world and the Brahma world because the virtues, namely: