The Second Treatise on the Perfections – 2791
Only these two kinds of truth are taught by the Buddha; there is no such
thing as a third truth; there is no truth other than these two in the entire
world.
Of these two kinds, the conventional truth is the truth which agrees with what
has been named by people. People generally name things according to their
shapes. They call a thing of this shape a “human,” a thing of that shape a “bull,”
a thing of another shape a “horse.” Again, among humans, one of this shape is
called a “man” and one of that shape a “woman.” There are, in this way, as
many names as there are things.
If you call a thing named “man” a man, it is a conventional truth; it is
conventionally correct for you to say so. If you call what has been named “man”
a bull, it is not a conventional truth; it is not conventionally correct for you to
say so. If you refer to someone who has been named “woman” as a “man,” it is
not a conventional truth; it is not conventionally correct for you to say so. In
this way, one should differentiate between the two truths.
That which not only has been named by people but which really exists in its
ultimate sense is called ultimate truth. For example, when it is said: “The thing
that knows various sense objects is mind (
citta
),” the knowing principle is an
ultimate truth because it truly exists in its ultimate sense. When it is said, “the
thing that changes owing to opposite phenomena, such as heat and cold, is
matter (
rūpa
),” the changing principle is an ultimate truth because it truly exists
in its ultimate sense. In this way, mental concomitants (
cetasika
) and Nibbāna
should also be known as ultimate truths because they also truly exist in their
ultimate sense.
Of the two kinds of truth, the conventional truth is associated with perception
(
saññā
); in other words, the conventional truth depends on perception.
Recognition of things according to their respective shapes as one has been
saying since one’s childhood, “such a shape is a man,” “such a shape is a woman,”
“such a shape is a bull,” “such a shape is a horse,” and so on, is perception. A
person seeing through perception will say, “there exists a human body,” “there
exists a man,” “there exists a woman,” etc.
The ultimate truth is the object of wisdom. In other words, it manifests itself
through wisdom. The greater the wisdom, the more discernable is the ultimate
truth. Wisdom makes an analysis of everything and sees its true nature. When it
is said: “The thing that knows various sense objects in the mind,” wisdom