The Second Treatise on the Perfections – 2787
royal anger in such a situation. In contrast, forbearance (
khantī
) which is
bearing verbal or physical insults without losing temper is laid down separately
as another duty of the king.
Nine Causes of Anger
There are nine causes of anger which arise in relation to oneself, to friends,
loved ones or to one’s enemies. It may also arise regarding actions in the past,
present or future. Thus there are nine causes of anger arising with regard to
individuals and with regard to time (
Āghāta-vatthu-sutta
, AN 9.29):
1. One is angry in relation to oneself, thinking: “He has caused damage to
my interests.”
2. One is angry in relation to oneself, thinking: “He is causing damage to
my interests.”
3. One is angry in relation to oneself, thinking: “He will cause damage to
my interests.”
4. One is angry in relation to one’s friends, thinking: “He has caused
damage to the interests of my friend.”
5. One is angry in relation to one’s friends, thinking: “He is causing
damage to the
[1623]
interests of my friend.”
6. One is angry in relation to one’s friends, thinking: “He will cause
damage to the interests of my friend.”
7. One is angry in relation to one’s enemies, thinking: “He has promoted
the interests of my enemies.”
8. One is angry in relation to one’s enemies, thinking: “He is promoting
the interests of my enemies.”
9. One is angry in relation to one’s enemies, thinking: “He will promote
the interests of my enemies.”
In addition to the above nine causes of anger, one can also become angry if it is
raining too heavily or if it is too windy, too hot, etc. Losing one’s temper over
matters about which one should not get angry is called irrational anger (
aṭṭhāna-
kopa
). It is the mental factor of ill-will (
dosa-cetasika
), which arises mostly in
those having no reasoning ability. To restrain such irrational anger (
aṭṭhāna-
kopa
) is to remain without anger (
akkodha
).