The Second Treatise on the Perfections – 2754
Five Kinds of Forest Dwelling
As expounded in the Vinaya Summary (
Parivāra
, 7.5.56, PTS 5.131)
,
forest
dwelling is of five kinds:
1. Dwelling in the forest because of stupidity, dullness of mind, not
knowing the
[1604]
advantages and their causes.
2. Dwelling in the forest with an evil desire: “If I go and dwell in the
forest, people will support me generously as a forest dweller.”
3. Dwelling in the forest because of insanity.
4. Dwelling in the forest because the practice is praised by the Buddhas
and the virtuous.
5. Dwelling in the forest because one has few wishes, contentment and
such virtues.
Only the last two of these kinds of forest dwelling are praiseworthy.
Perfection of renunciation is not a matter of where one lives. The defilement of
sense-desires (
kilesa-kāma
), craving for pleasant sensuous objects, is liable to
arise anywhere. This defilement of sense-desires should be eradicated wherever
it appears and not be permitted to thrive. Emancipation from the defilement of
sense-desires by eradication in this way is the true characteristic of renunciation.
As for emancipation from pleasant objects of sense-desire, there are examples of
the wise Sumedha, the Hatthipāla brothers etc., who went forth as far as the
Himālayas. Therefore, it may be asked whether it is necessary for those who
wish to fulfil the perfection of renunciation, and gain the emancipation from
pleasant objects of sense-desire, to go forth as far as the Himālayas. One should
do so if possible, if one wishes to, or if circumstances favour it. In the Birth
Stories (
Jātaka
) concerning renunciation, the majority went forth to the
Himālayas. They did so as circumstances were favourable to them.
According to the Birth Story about King Maghadeva (
Maghadeva-jātaka
, Ja 9)
and the Birth Story about King Nimi (
Nimi-jātaka
, Ja 541), the continuous line
of rulers, numbering 84,000, beginning with King Maghadeva and up to King
Nimi, went forth from household life to a homeless life as soon as a single hair
on the head turned grey. However, none of them went to the Himālayas. They
repaired only to the royal Mango Grove near their capital city of Mithilā. It is
said that by the strenuous practice of meditation they attained the absorptions