The Second Treatise on the Perfections – 2709
The Eightfold Observance Day Precepts
It may be questioned why, regarding the five precepts, the term five (
pañca
)
alone is used, and, regarding the ten precepts, the term ten (
dasa
) is used,
whereas in describing the eight precepts, not only the term eight (
aṭṭha
) but the
additional term Observance (
Uposatha
) is used?
The term Observance (
Uposatha
) has five meanings:
1. Recitation of the Monastic Rules (
Pātimokkha
).
2. A proper name for persons or animals.
[1579]
3. Observance.
4. The morality (
sīla
) which should be observed.
5. The day for observing morality (
sīla
).
Of these five, the first meaning 1) is concerned only with the monastic, and the
second meaning, 2) being the name for a Prince (e.g. Prince Uposatha, or of an
elephant, e.g. the Uposatha elephant, etc.), has no connection with this chapter
on morality (
sīla
); only the remaining three meanings are to be considered here.
The three meanings are derived from the Pāḷi term
upavāsa
which means
observing or fulfilling the precepts. The third meaning 3) is the act of observing
the precepts. The fourth meaning 4) is the precepts which should be kept. The
fifth meaning 5) is the day on which the precepts are kept.
No particular day was fixed by the virtuous people in the past for observance of
the five precepts and the ten precepts; only the eight precepts were observed on
a specially fixed day; hence the special epithet of Observance Day (
Uposatha
)
for these eight precepts.
There is another point to consider. The five precepts are not as numerous as the
eight precepts, and as it is to be kept everyday, no special day was named for
their observance. But as the ten precepts are higher than the eight precepts, the
virtuous people in the past should have fixed a special day for their observance.
If so, why had they not done so? The probable reason is that the eight precepts
are specially suitable for the laity, whereas the ten precepts are not. According
to the Path of Purification (
Visuddhi-magga
), the ten precepts are for novices.
The Supplementary Readings (
Khuddaka-pāṭha
) commentary also states that the
last precept of the ten precepts, regarding not using money (
jāta-rūpa-