The Second Treatise on the Perfections – 2707
observe only one precept, they should observe that one. If they can observe two,
they should observe those two, and so on.
It may be questioned: When the laity have the right to observe any number of
precepts they wish, why the five precepts alone are prescribed in the
commentary to the Path to Purification (
Visuddhi-magga
) thus: For lay men and
women regarding the permanent precepts, these are the five training rules
(
upāsaka-upāsikānaṁ nicca-sīla-vasena pañca-sikkhāpadāni
)?
[1578]
The answer is that the commentary is here concerned mainly with the principle
of morality, which requires that all the five precepts must be observed
permanently (
nicca-sīla-vasena pañca-sikkhāpadāni
). We have no right to leave
out any precept we wish. It is wrong to break any one of the five precepts. It is
not only in the Path to Purification but also in other texts that the five precepts
are shown as permanent precepts (
nicca-sīla
) in the light of the principle of
morality.
The Five Precepts with Celibacy as Fifth
In addition to the five, eight and ten precepts, there are also the precepts which
have celibacy as the fifth (
brahma-cariya-pañcama-sīla
), which can be observed
by the laity. However, the precepts which have celibacy as the fifth are, in
reality, the five precepts. The third precept of the original five, undertaking to
not behave wrongly in sexual matters (
kāmesu micchācārā veramaṇī-
sikkhāpadaṁ samādiyāmi
), is replaced by undertaking to observe celibacy
(
abrahmacariyā-veramaṇī-sikkhāpadaṁ samādiyāmi
) in order for it to be the
precepts which have celibacy as the fifth.
The precepts which have celibacy as the fifth was observed at the time of
Buddha Kassapa by the layman Gavesi, as recorded in the Discourse concerning
Gavesi (
Gavesi-sutta
, AN 5.180). At the time of Buddha Gotama, this morality
(
sīla
) was observed by Ugga, the rich man of Vesālī and Ugga, the rich man of
Hatthigāma in the Vajjian country; see the First Discourse about Ugga
(
Paṭhama-ugga-sutta
, AN 8.21) and the Second Discourse about Ugga (
Dutiya-
ugga-sutta
, AN 8.22). The two Uggas took the precepts which has celibacy as the
fifth from the Fortunate One and observed them; of the four wives they each
possessed, the eldest ones were given away in marriage to the men they loved,
and the remaining ones were abandoned likewise, and thereafter they remained
single for life; they were lay Non-returners. It should not be misunderstood that