The Second Treatise on the Perfections – 2703
The morality which must be observed forever is unlimited rules (
yāma-
sīla
). The morality which is not observed forever but only occasionally is
called delimited rules (
niyāma-sīla
).
The expressions unlimited rules and delimited rules have their origins in
Brahmanism, see Amara’s Dictionary (
Amara-kosa-abhidhāna
, vs 49):
Not harming, not speaking lies, not stealing, not indulging in ignoble
sexual acts, not accepting alms food: these five are unlimited rules (
yama-
sīla
), which must be observed forever; purifying, being easily content,
practising austerity, reciting the Vedas, recollecting Brahma; these five
are delimited rules (
niyama-sīla
), which should be observed occasionally.
According to the Collection of the Thematic Discourses (
Saṁyutta-nikāya
) and
its commentary, it is clear that even the people who are supporting their families
by right livelihood can observe the ten precepts. Hence the view: “People should
observe the ten precepts only when they can abandon their gold and silver
without clinging anymore, like Ghaṭikāra, the pot-maker,” is not a right one; it
is an overstatement.
Moreover, of the ten duties of a king, mentioned in the Long Birth Story about
the Golden Goose (
Mahā-haṁsa-jātaka
, JA 534), the commentary says that by
the term morality (
sīla
) is meant both for the five and the ten precepts.
Therefore, it is evident that kings observe also the ten precepts as one of their
duties. If it is maintained that “the ten precepts should be observed only when
they can be observed forever,” then kings who have chief queens, lesser queens,
maids of honour and a treasury filled with gold and silver would not be able to
observe the ten precepts because of the training rules about celibacy (
abrahma-
cariya-sikkhāpada
) and gold (
jāta-rūpa-sikkhāpada
). Had it been impossible for
kings to observe, then the commentator would not have included the ten
precepts in his comment on morality (
sīla
) of the ten kingly duties. But the
commentator has definitely mentioned them in his comment. Therefore, the ten
precepts are not permanent morality (
nicca-sīla
); they are the morality limited
to whenever one is able to do so.
Moreover, the Supplementary Readings (
Khuddaka-pāṭha
) commentary explains
how the eight precepts are derived from the ten training rules (
sikkhāpada
). The
ten precepts (
dasa sikkhāpada
) are refraining from:
1. Killing living creatures (
pāṇātipāta
).