The Second Treatise on the Perfections – 2689
The answer in brief to this question is: For one who observes the five precepts,
no special effort is needed to refrain from wrong livelihood. After all, wrong
livelihood means earning one’s living through wrong means of killing, stealing
and lying. By observing the five precepts meticulously, one is automatically
avoiding the misdeeds of killing, stealing and lying. Thus, the precept to refrain
from wrong livelihood as an additional observance in the set of precepts with
right livelihood as the eighth (
ājīvaṭṭhamaka-sīla
) does not justify the claim of
its superiority over the five precepts. What has been discussed above applies
only to lay devotees.
Monastic Morality
For members of the Saṅgha, the rules of discipline laid down by the Buddha for
them as expounded in the Basket of Discipline (
Vinaya-piṭaka
) are known as
training rules (
sikkhāpada
). The offences, for which penalties are imposed, may
be classified under seven categories depending on their nature:
1. Expulsion offenses (
pārājika
).
2. Offenses requiring a meeting of the Saṅgha (
Saṅghādisesa
).
3. Grave offenses (
thullaccaya
).
4. Confession offenses (
pācittiya
).
5. Acknowledgements (
pāṭidesanīya
).
6. Wrongdoings (
dukkaṭa
).
7. Wrong speech (
dubbhāsita
).
Offences in the first category of offences (
pārājika
) and in the second category
(
saṅghādisesa
) are classified as grave offences (
garukāpatti
). The remaining
five categories consist of light offences (
lahukāpatti
).
The group of moral precepts observed by monastics so that there is no breach of
lesser and minor offences classified under light offences is known as good
conduct (
abhisamācārika-sīla
); those observed to avoid transgression of grave
offences (
garukāpatti
) is known as morality which forms the beginning of the
life of purity (
ādi-brahma-cariyaka-sīla
).
Of the five volumes of the Basket of Discipline (
Vinaya-piṭaka
), the Section
about Expulsion (
Pārājika-kaṇḍa
) and the Section about Confession (
Pācittiya-
kaṇḍa
), also known as the Twofold Analysis (
Ubhato-vibhaṅga
), deal with codes