The Second Treatise on the Perfections – 2688
the first path and fruition only as a Stream-enterer is easily distinguished from
an ordinary worldling by means of his physical, verbal and mental demeanour.
Instead of placidly accepting the announcement of the master as having attained
the stage of a Stream-enterer or a Once-returner, one should, by self-
introspection, examine one’s true nature to see if one has changed for the better
and has truly benefited by the seven days’ course of practice. Only by self-
evaluation in this manner could one save oneself from being misled by dubious
teachers of religion.
Thus, in matters of observing the precepts or in other pursuits there is no
shortcut or easy way to achieve one’s cherished object. A person addicted to
drink will not
[1568]
be able to observe even the five precepts, not to speak of
the higher practices such as the eight precepts.
The group of moral precepts other than the said set of precepts with right
livelihood as the eighth (
ājīvaṭṭhamaka-sīla
) is classified as precepts which
promote good conduct (
abhisamācārika-sīla
). Even the five precepts are to be
considered as superior to the set of precepts with right livelihood as the eighth.
It may be questioned: “How could the five precepts, which have only the one
restraint, out of the four verbal restraints, not to speak lies, be superior to the
eight precepts including right livelihood (
ājīvaṭṭhamaka-sīla
), which requires
the observance of all the four verbal restraints involving lying, gossiping, using
abusive language and engaging in frivolous talks?”
The answer lies in the fact that of the four verbal restraints, lying forms the
basis of the breach of all the verbal restraints. The Buddha teaches that for one
who commits falsehood, there is no misdeed which he is not liable to perpetuate;
and one who can abstain from lying can easily observe the remaining precepts.
How could one who does not speak lies engage in slandering, abusing and
frivolous talks? This explains why only the restraint of falsehood is included as
the main verbal restraint in the five precepts. The question never arises,
therefore, that the eight precepts including right livelihood is superior to the
five precepts.
Again, it may be asked: “Since the precept to refrain from wrong livelihood,
which does not feature in the five precepts, forms the eighth precept of the set of
precepts with right livelihood as the eighth, surely it should be deemed superior
to the five precepts.”