The Second Treatise on the Perfections – 2685
Precepts with right livelihood as the eighth (
ājīvaṭṭhamaka-sīla
) include three
moral physical actions: abstaining from killing, stealing and indulging in
wrongful sexual intercourse; four moral verbal actions: abstaining from lying,
malicious speech, using harsh, abusive words and frivolous talk; and, finally,
abstaining from wrong livelihood.
The Path to Purification (
Visuddhi-magga
) states that the set of eight precepts
including right livelihood (
ājīvaṭṭhamaka-sīla
) may also be termed morality
which forms the beginning of the life of purity (
ādi-brahma-cariyaka-sīla
) as it
includes precepts which are to be fulfilled in the initial stage of developing the
noble path.
This commentary statement is likely to be misinterpreted by some as to mean
that only the eight precepts including right livelihood (
ājīvaṭṭhamaka-sīla
) are
the precepts which should be observed first for the attainment of the path. There
have even appeared some groups which maintained that the five precepts, the
eight precepts and the ten precepts, which are generally observed at present, are
not the initial precepts which should be observed for the attainment of the path.
On the other hand, there are some people who say that they have not even heard
of this strange code of morality called the eight precepts including right
livelihood (
ājīvaṭṭhamaka-sīla
); it could not have been taught by the Buddha; it
may be a later accretion of no particular worth.
As a matter of fact, the eight precepts including right livelihood is certainly a
precept taught by the Buddha himself. The Path to Purification (
Visuddhi-magga
)
quotes the Great Discourse on the Six Sense Spheres (
Mahā-saḷāyatanika-sutta
,
MN 149):
Tenāha pubbeva kho panassa kāya-kammaṁ vacī-kammaṁ ājīvo
suparisuddho hotī ti
, “therefore it was said their actions of body, speech and
livelihood have been properly purified earlier,” to show that the Buddha taught
the set of precepts with right livelihood as the eighth.
The Buddha made his appearance in the world at a time when it was enveloped
in the dark mass of evil forces. People were depraved, bereft of morality,
steeped as they were in evil thoughts, words and deeds. When the Buddha
wanted to inculcate in those wild, debased beings a sense of gentle civility
through the practice of morality, he had to select a moral code from amongst
various sets of precepts which would best suit their coarse minds. He thus taught
them at the initial stages the set of precepts with right livelihood as the eighth.