The Second Treatise on the Perfections – 2681
claiming attainments to the paths (
magga
) and fruitions (
phala
), is observance of
morality that should not be done through avoidance.
Some people casually misinterpret these disciplinary rules, saying that morality
that should be done is the precept which would lead to no offence if it is not
fulfilled, but its observance contributes to purifying one’s morality. In
interpreting thus, they make no distinction between monastics and laymen.
Actually, the Buddha has laid down definite disciplinary rules concerning duties
to be performed by a pupil towards his preceptor or teacher. Any co-resident
pupil who fails to abide by these rules not only fails to fulfil the morality that
should be done but is also guilty of breaking the disciplinary rules concerning
the performance of duties (
vatta-bhedaka-dukkaṭa-āpatti
).
Thus, for monastics, it cannot be said that non-fulfilment of morality that should
be done would lead to no offence; for them, morality that should be done is a
mandatory observance of the precepts laid down by the Buddha.
As for the lay person, it may be said that avoidance of wrong deeds, which
would definitely give rise to rebirths in lower planes of existence, falls under the
category of morality that should be done. On the other hand, abstinence from
wrong deeds, morality that should not be done (
vāritta-sīla
), showing reverence
to the aged, which may or may not result in such rebirths, should be classified as
morality that should be done (
cāritta-sīla
).
For example, there are five precepts to be observed by laymen: abstinence from
killing, stealing, sexual misconduct, lying and taking intoxicants. Indulgence in
these deeds, instead of avoiding them, leads definitely to lower planes of
existence. Therefore, abstaining from these five wrong deeds which will
certainly result in such rebirths constitutes morality that should not be done.
A lay person can also observe the eight precepts which are the avoidance of
killing, stealing, lying and taking intoxicants – these four precepts, falling under
the category of morality that should not be done – and the additional four
precepts of total sexual abstinence, abstaining from eating in the afternoon,
abstaining from dancing, singing, playing music and entertainments, and
abstaining from using high and luxurious beds.
Actions included in these four additional precepts do not necessarily lead to the
lower planes of existence. Noble lay persons, such as Stream-enterers
(
Sotāpanna
) and Once-returners (
Sakadāgāmī
), enjoy lawful sexual relations