The Second Treatise on the Perfections – 2679
3. What are its Characteristic, Function, etc.?
Morality has the characteristic of controlling one’s physical and verbal actions
and orientating them towards the right direction; it also serves as a basis or
foundation of all meritoriousness.
Its function is to prevent one from becoming immoral through uncontrolled
physical and verbal actions. It helps one to remain spotless in conduct, free from
blame by the wise.
Morality is manifested as purity in thought, word and deed. When the wise
reflect on the nature of morality, they come to realise that it is purity of physical
action, purity of
[1563]
verbal action and purity of mental action.
The proximate cause for the arising of morality is conscience about doing an
immoral act (
hiri
) and concern about doing an immoral act (
ottappa
). Although
listening to the Dhamma promotes the arising of morality, it serves only as a
remote cause. It is only through conscience and concern that the precepts are
observed.
4. What are the Benefits of Morality?
A man of virtuous conduct enjoys many benefits such as a gladdening of the
heart, which leads to joy and happiness (
pāmojja
). This in turn results in
delightful satisfaction (
pīti
). In one who enjoys delightful satisfaction, there
arises calmness of mind and body (
passaddhi
), followed by bliss (
sukha
). The
tranquil state of mind and body brings about the development of concentration
(
samādhi
), which enables one to see things as they really are (
yathā-bhūta-ñāṇa
).
When one gains this knowledge of things as they really are, one gets wearied of,
and detached from, the ills and suffering of the cycle of rebirths. In him arises
powerful insight into reality (
balava-vipassanā-ñāṇa
). With this insight, he
becomes detached from craving and achieves the knowledge of the path, which
leads to full liberation (
vimutti
) through the knowledge of fruition. After
gaining the paths and fruitions knowledge, he develops reflective knowledge
(
paccavekkhaṇa-ñāṇa
), which enables him to see that the cessation of
phenomena of the aggregates of mind (
nāma
) and matter (
rūpa
) has taken place
in him. In other words, he has realised perfect peace, Nibbāna. Thus morality
has many benefits, including the realisation of Nibbāna.