The Second Treatise on the Perfections – 2677
the list of the perfections (
pāramī
), but this does not mean that the order in the
list is the order in which the perfections are to be fulfilled.
In actual practice, an act of giving is pure only when the supporter is established
in morality; generosity is made more fruitful when it is preceded by an
observance of precepts. That is the reason why, when they are invited by lay
people to accept robes and other gifts, the monastics see to it that the lay people
are first established in the precepts, even though taking of precepts is not
mentioned when making the invitation.
Thus, to the question: “Why is it called morality (
sīla
)?” the plain, clear-cut
answer is: It is called morality because it does not permit physical and verbal
actions to take place in a violent, disorderly manner; it controls and directs them
so they are quiet and gentle; and it serves as a foundation for the arising, by
stages, of the four classes of moral consciousness: the moral consciousnesses
pertaining to the sensuous world, the form world, the formless world and the
supermundane
[1562]
consciousness. Out of these discussions may arise the
following questions:
1. If both morality (
sīla
) and concentration (
samādhi
) are orientating, how
do they differ in their functions? Morality promotes calm and peace by
keeping physical and verbal actions under proper control, whereas
concentration prevents the mind and mental factors that are associated
with it from distraction by directing them to converge on a single object.
In this manner, morality differs from concentration in its function of
orientating.
2. If both morality and the element of solidity (
pathavī
) are upholding,
what is the difference in their functions? Morality is the fundamental
cause of the arising of the four classes of moral consciousness, hence it
is said to serve as the foundation for the arising of the moral
consciousnesses pertaining to the sensuous world, the material world, to
the immaterial world and the supermundane consciousness.
Just as a royal wet-nurse holds the infant prince in her arms to keep him from
crawling all over the royal chamber, so also does the element of solidity hold
together other elements that arise along with it, preventing them from
dispersing and scattering in all directions. In this manner, morality and the