The Second Treatise on the Perfections – 2675
restraint through following the Monastic Rules (
Pātimokkha-saṁvara-sīla
)
means a group of mental factors (
cetasika
) including volition and the three
abstentions of non-greed (
alobha
), non-hate (
adosa
) and non-delusion (
amoha
).
Restraint through mindfulness (
sati-saṁvara
) means the mental factor of
mindfulness (
sati
), which is also accompanied by volition. Restraint through
knowledge (
ñāṇa-saṁvara
) means the mental factor of wisdom, which is also
accompanied by volition. Restraint through forbearance (
khanti-saṁvara
)
means a group of moral consciousnesses and mental factors headed by non-hate,
which has the characteristic of not losing one’s temper, in other words, the
mental factor of non-hate. Restraint through development of energy (
viriya-
saṁvara
) means the mental factor of energy, which is also accompanied by
volition.
As for avoiding transgression (
avitikkama-sīla
), in the ultimate sense, it is a
group of moral consciousnesses and mental factors which lead one to avoid
transgression of precepts which one is observing. In the case of generosity
(
dāna
), volition forms its basis. For morality too, volition serves as a main factor,
but in addition to it, the group of moral consciousnesses and mental factors led
by the three abstentions, the three mental factors of non-greed, non-hate, non-
delusion and the three mental factors of mindfulness, wisdom, energy also play
their respective roles.
2. Why is it called Morality?
The Pāḷi word
sīla
is translated as “morality” or “virtue.”
Sīla
has two meanings:
first, it is employed to convey the sense of
[1561]
natural character, behaviour or
habit. We find it used in this sense in such expression as
pāpa-karaṇa-sīla
, “one
who is in the habit of doing evil;”
dubbhāsana-sīla
, “one who is in the habit of
speaking evil;”
abhivādana-sīla
, “one who is in the habit of showing reverence
to those worthy of homage;”
Dhamma-kathana-sīla
, “one who is in the habit of
teaching the Dhamma.” It is also employed to describe natural phenomena:
vassāna-samaye rukkha-rūhana-sīlā
, “trees usually grow during the rainy
season;”
gimhāna-samaye patta-patana-sīlā
, “leaves usually fall in summer.” In
this first sense,
sīla
is employed to describe the habits of both moral and
immoral persons, and also natural events which are outside the domain of
morality, good or bad.
Secondly, it has the meaning of a good practice which implies only that practice
which is noble, moral and ethical. This is the sense employed in this chapter on