The Second Treatise on the Perfections – 2674
linkage is possible at all. Thus, every volition that accompanies consciousness
and arises with each moral act is called morality.
There is the morality of restraint (
saṁvara-sīla
) and the morality of avoiding
transgression (
avitikkama-sīla
). The kinds of morality, as described, apply to
laymen and monastics equally. But there are other forms of morality which are
concerned with monastics only, that is, the morality of restraint (
saṁvara-sīla
)
and the morality of avoiding transgressions (
avitikkama-sīla
). The morality of
restraints (
saṁvara-sīla
):
1. Restraint through following the Monastic Rules (
Pātimokkha-saṁvara
),
observance of which liberates one from the dangers of rebirths in the
realms of misery and continuous suffering.
2. Restraint through mindfulness (
sati-saṁvara
), which means keeping
close guard over the doors of the six senses: eye, ear, nose, tongue, body
and mind, so that the “thief of demeritoriousness” cannot gain entry.
3. Restraint through knowledge (
ñāṇa-saṁvara
), which means control of
the mind with insight, so that the current of the mental defilements of
craving, wrong view and ignorance, which normally flow incessantly,
stops flowing. Under this type is also included exercise of proper care
over the use of requisites (
paccaya-nissita-sīla
).
4. Restraint through forbearance (
khanti-saṁvara
), which means
controlling the mind, so that no defiling thoughts disturb it when
enduring extreme heat or cold.
5. Restraint through development of energy (
viriya-saṁvara
), which
means strenuous mental exertion, to prevent the arising of
demeritorious thoughts, such as sensuous thoughts (
kāma-vitakka
),
thoughts of ill-will (
byāpāda-vitakka
), thoughts of cruelty (
vihiṁsā-
vitakka
). Purification of livelihood (
ājīva-pārisuddhi-sīla
) is also
included under this type.
The morality of avoiding transgression (
avitikkama-sīla
) is the morality
cultivated through avoidance of physical and verbal transgression of precepts
which one has undertaken to observe.
From the above descriptions of five kinds of morality of restraints (
saṁvara-sīla
)
and avoiding transgression (
avitikkama-sīla
), it could be inferred that, in essence,