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The Second Treatise on the Perfections – 2674 

 

linkage is possible at all. Thus, every volition that accompanies consciousness 
and arises with each moral act is called morality. 

There is the morality of restraint (

saṁvara-sīla

) and the morality of avoiding 

transgression (

avitikkama-sīla

). The kinds of morality, as described, apply to 

laymen and monastics equally. But there are other forms of morality which are 
concerned with monastics only, that is, the morality of restraint (

saṁvara-sīla

and the morality of avoiding transgressions (

avitikkama-sīla

). The morality of 

restraints (

saṁvara-sīla

): 

1.   Restraint through following the Monastic Rules (

Pātimokkha-saṁvara

), 

observance of which liberates one from the dangers of rebirths in the 
realms of misery and continuous suffering. 

2.   Restraint through mindfulness (

sati-saṁvara

), which means keeping 

close guard over the doors of the six senses: eye, ear, nose, tongue, body 
and mind, so that the “thief of demeritoriousness” cannot gain entry. 

3.   Restraint through knowledge (

ñāṇa-saṁvara

), which means control of 

the mind with insight, so that the current of the mental defilements of 
craving, wrong view and ignorance, which normally flow incessantly, 
stops flowing. Under this type is also included exercise of proper care 
over the use of requisites (

paccaya-nissita-sīla

). 

4.   Restraint through forbearance (

khanti-saṁvara

), which means 

controlling the mind, so that no defiling thoughts disturb it when 
enduring extreme heat or cold. 

5.   Restraint through development of energy (

viriya-saṁvara

), which 

means strenuous mental exertion, to prevent the arising of 
demeritorious thoughts, such as sensuous thoughts (

kāma-vitakka

), 

thoughts of ill-will (

byāpāda-vitakka

), thoughts of cruelty (

vihiṁsā-

vitakka

). Purification of livelihood (

ājīva-pārisuddhi-sīla

) is also 

included under this type. 

The morality of avoiding transgression (

avitikkama-sīla

) is the morality 

cultivated through avoidance of physical and verbal transgression of precepts 
which one has undertaken to observe. 

From the above descriptions of five kinds of morality of restraints (

saṁvara-sīla

and avoiding transgression (

avitikkama-sīla

), it could be inferred that, in essence,