The Second Treatise on the Perfections – 2672
4. What are the benefits of morality?
5. How many types of morality are there?
6. What are the defiling factors of morality?
7. What are the purifying factors of morality?
1. What is Morality?
Morality
[1559]
may be conveniently studied as follows:
1. Volition that accompanies one when abstaining from wrong physical or
verbal actions or when performing duties towards one’s elders or
teachers, etc.
2. The three mental factors of abstention from wrong action, wrong
speech and wrong livelihood.
3. The three right mental actions of non-covetousnes (
anabhijjhā
), non-ill-
will (
abyāpāda
) and right view (
sammā-diṭṭhi
).
4. The five restraints (
saṁvara
).
5. The mental factor which arises when avoiding transgressions: Morality
of volition (
cetanā-sīla
), and morality of abstinence (
virati-sīla
).
The three wrong physical actions are taking the life of other beings, taking what
is not given and sexual misconduct. The four wrong verbal actions are telling
lies, gossiping or backbiting, using harsh, abusive words and indulgence in vain,
frivolous talks. These two categories of wrong actions may be committed in
association with earning a livelihood, like that of a fisherman or a hunter, or
may not be associated with earning a livelihood, like game hunting for sport.
Likewise, abstaining from these two categories of wrong actions may or may not
be associated with earning a livelihood. Abstaining from three wrong physical
actions, when not associated with earning a livelihood, is known as abstention
through right action (
sammā-kammanta-virati
); abstaining from the four wrong
verbal actions, when not associated with earning a livelihood, is known as
abstention through right speech (
sammā-vāca-virati
); abstaining from these two
categories of wrong actions, when associated with earning a livelihood, and
from various kinds of wrong livelihood, especially those kinds which monastics
are enjoined against, is known as abstention through right livelihood (
sammā-
ājīva-virati
).