The Second Treatise on the Perfections – 2658
opium which is not suitable for consumption. The same consideration holds
good in the case of offering intoxicants.
The commentary to the Birth Stories (
Jātaka
) mentions the inclusion of
intoxicating drinks in the display of materials to be given away by the
Bodhisatta King Vessantara as a great offering (
mahā-dāna
).
Some people try to explain this inclusion of intoxicants as materials for offering
by King Vessantara by saying that the king had no intention of providing liquor
to the drunkards, that it is only the volition that determines the merits of an
offering; as King Vessantara did not want anyone to drink the intoxicants, there
is no wrong intention involved. He merely wanted to avoid being criticised by
those who would say that the king’s great gifts (
dāna
) has no offerings of
intoxicants.
But such rationalizations are untenable. Great persons, like King Vessantara, do
not worry about criticism levelled at them by others, especially when the
criticism is unjustified. The fact of the matter is that it is only in drinking that
the guilt lies; using it as a lotion or for
[1551]
medicinal preparations in a proper
manner is not demeritorious. We should take it, therefore, that it is for such
purposes that King Vessantara included intoxicants as materials for offering in
his great gifts (
mahā-dāna
).
Five Kinds of Great Offerings
In the Discourse on the Streams of Merit (
Abhisanda-sutta
, AN 8.39),
comprehensive expositions are given of the five precepts, beginning with the
words:
Pañcimāni bhikkhave dānāni, mahā-dānāni
, describing “the five precepts
as the five kinds of great gifts (
mahā-dāna
).” But it should not be thought that
virtue (
sīla
) is generosity (
dāna
) just because the five precepts are described as
the five great gifts
in the text mentioned above. The Buddha does not mean to
say that morality (
sīla
) is not different from giving (
dāna
) or that the two are
exactly the same. Morality (
sīla
) is proper restraint of one’s physical and verbal
actions, and giving (
dāna
) is the offering of a gift, and the two should not be
taken as identical.
When a virtuous person observes the precept of non-killing and abstains from
taking the life of other beings, that virtuous person is actually giving them the
gift of harmlessness (
abhaya-dāna
). The same consideration applies to the
remaining precepts. Thus, when all the five precepts are well observed by a