The Second Treatise on the Perfections – 2653
Although Ven. Mahā Moggaliputta Tissa said so, the gifts of Asoka were made
on
[1548]
his own initiative, without anyone to compete with and, therefore,
there is no need to classify them as a matched (
sadisa
) or matchless (
asadisa
)
type of offering. King Pasenadi Kosala’s gifts were made in competition with
those of the citizens of Sāvatthī and are, therefore, properly termed matchless
offerings (
asadisa-dāna
).
Common Offerings
All other gifts of an ordinary nature which are neither difficult to make nor of
great magnitude are just common gifts (
sāmañña-dāna
).
In addition to these, there is another classification of three gifts of Dhamma
(
Dhamma-dāna
) described in the Vinaya Summary (
Parivāra
) and its
commentary:
1. Giving to the Saṅgha gifts which were verbally declared to be offered
to the Saṅgha.
2. Giving to the relic shrine (
stūpa
) gifts which were verbally declared to
be offered to the shrine.
3. Giving to an individual gifts which were verbally declared to be offered
to an individual.
These are called righteous gifts (
Dhammika-dāna
), gifts offered in connection
with the Dhamma. Further details of these types of gifts will be found below, in
accordance with the nine kinds of unrighteous gifts (
adhammika-dāna
).
Gifts
in Groups of Fours
The texts do not mention any type of gifts by fours. But the Vinaya lists four
kinds of requisites which may be offered as gifts. They are:
1. Gifts of robe or robe-materials (
cīvara-dāna
).
2. Gifts of alms food (
piṇḍapāta-dāna
).
3. Gifts of dwelling places (
senāsana-dāna
).
4. Gifts of medicines (
bhesajja-dāna
).
Gifts may also be classified into four types depending on the purity of the
supporter and the receiver: