The Second Treatise on the Perfections – 2644
this savage beast taking part in the ceremony and holding an umbrella over the
head of Ven. Aṅgulimāla in a docile manner.
After the meal had been offered to the congregation, the king declared: “I made
an offering of all the things in this pavilion, allowable things as well as
unallowable things. On this declaration, the people had to admit defeat in the
contest because they had no princesses, no white umbrellas and no elephants.
Thus the supporter of the unrivalled alms giving (
dāna
) at the time of the
supreme being of the three worlds, the Buddha Gotama, was King Pasenadi of
Kosala. It should be noted that each of the other Buddhas also had a supporter
who presented him with an incomparable, unrivalled alms giving (
dāna
).
Gifts in Groups of Threes
1. Gifts (
dāna
) can also be divided into three categories: inferior (
hīna
),
medium (
majjhima
), and superior (
paṇīta
). The degree of benevolence
of an act is dependent upon the strength of intention (
chanda
), the
conscious state (
citta
), energy (
viriya
) and investigative knowledge
(
vimaṁsā
) involved in the act. When these four constituent elements are
weak, the alms giving is said to be of inferior type; when they are of
medial standard, the alms giving is regarded as of medium type; when
all are strong, the alms giving is considered to be of the superior order.
2. When the act of giving (
dāna
) is motivated by desire for fame and
acclaim, it is of the inferior type; when the goal of giving is for
attainment of a happy life as a human being or a Deva, it is of medium
type; if the gift is made in reverence to the noble ones (
ariya
) or
Bodhisattas for their exemplary habits of offering, it is an excellent gift
of superior order.
In the various discourses of the Pāḷi texts are mentioned parks and
monasteries which were given the names of the individual supporters, for
example, Jetavana, the garden of Prince Jeta; Anāthapiṇḍikārāma, the
monastery donated by the rich man Anāthapiṇḍika; Ghositārāma, the
monastery donated by the rich man Ghosita.
This system of nomenclature was adopted by the elders at the First Council
with the intention of encouraging others to follow these examples and thus
acquire merit. So, supporters today, when making such gifts, inscribe their
names in marble or stone. In doing so, they should keep under control, by