The Second Treatise on the Perfections – 2638
Controversies and difficulties arise only in the case of offerings made to
individuals (
puggalika-dāna
), because there exist various kind of individuals,
good or bad. In the case of offerings made to the Saṅgha (
Saṅghika-dāna
), there
exists only one kind of Saṅgha, not two, good and bad.
412
There is no distinction
amongst the noble Saṅgha (
Ariya-saṅgha
) as high, medium, or low status of
development as they are all equally noble. Therefore, as explained above,
whenever a recipient appears before one, without taking into consideration his
character, one should make the offering with the thought: “I make my offering
to the disciples of the Buddha, the noble Saṅgha.” Then this offering is of the
type made to the Saṅgha (
Saṅghika-dāna
), and the recipient is the Saṅgha; the
person who appears before him to receive the offering is merely the
representative of the Saṅgha. However low that person may be in his morals, the
true recipient of the offering is the noble Saṅgha, and therefore this is truly a
noble gift.
Some people consider that it is very difficult to put into actual practice the
advice to ignore the personal character of the immoral recipient who has
appeared before one and to make one’s offering with the mind directed not to
him, but to the noble Saṅgha, regarding him only as a representative of the
Saṅgha. The difficulty arises only because of lack of habitual practice in such
matters.
In making reverential vows to the images and statues of the Buddha, regarding
them as the Buddha’s representatives, one is so accustomed to the practice of
projecting one’s mind from the images or statues to the person of the living
Buddha that no one says it is difficult. Just as the householder Ugga during the
Buddha’s time and the monastery supporter of Jambudīpa had habituated
themselves to make offerings to an immoral monastic as a representative of the
Saṅgha, so also Buddhists of modern times should discipline their mind to
become accustomed to such an attitude.
Four Kinds of Offerings to the Saṅgha
The Basket of Discipline (
Vinaya-piṭaka
) for members of the Saṅgha gives a
description of the four categories of offerings made intentionally for the Saṅgha.
But these four categories of offerings for the Saṅgha (
Saṅghika-dāna
) do not
412
Here, the noble disciples of the Buddha are meant.