The Second Treatise on the Perfections – 2619
whereas building a relic shrine (
stūpa
) and installing Buddha statues requires an
expenditure of a large sum of money. Hence these works of merit must be
considered to come under
dāna
.
Here the question may be asked: “If it comes under
dāna
, will it still be an act of
giving when there is no recipient for it?” According to the texts, whether an
offering should be regarded as an act of giving may be decided by an analysis of
its features, viz. characteristic, function, manifestation and proximate cause.
We have already provided above what these features are, for a true act of
dāna
.
Now applying this test to the present problem, we find the characteristic of
abandoning since the person who builds the shrines and installs the Buddha
statues relinquishes a large sum of money; as for function, there is destruction of
attachment to the objects of offering by the supporter; as its manifestation, the
supporter senses that his act of generosity will result in the attainment of rebirth
in the human or Deva realm and the attainment of great wealth; and finally, as
the proximate cause, there is the object to be offered. Thus, all the four features
necessary for an offering to be truly an act of generosity
(
dāna
) are present here
and we may, therefore, conclude that building shrines and installing Buddha
statues is a true act of generosity
(
dāna
).
As to the question of who receives the gift, it will not be wrong to say that all
the Devas and human beings who worship at the shrines and Buddha statues in
memory of the virtues of the Buddha are the recipients of the gift. At the same
time, as they serve as objects of worship for the Devas and human beings in their
recollection of the virtues of the Buddha, they also form the objects offered. All
the various material things in the world are utilized in different ways depending
on their nature; food materials are utilized for consumption; clothing materials
are utilized for wearing; materials for religious devotion and adoration are
utilized as objects of veneration.
If wells and tanks are dug near public highways, the general public could use
them for drinking water, washing, etc. The supporter would have no particular
recipient in mind when he dug the wells and tanks. When, as he intended, the
wayfarers, passing by the road, make use of his gifts, no one could say that his
gift is not an act of generosity
(
dāna
); even if he did not finalize it with a
libation ceremony.