The Second Treatise on the Perfections – 2616
For example, we say “rice is cooked because of the firewood.” Actually, it is the
fire that cooks the rice. But there can be no fire without firewood. So fire burns
because of firewood, and rice is cooked because of fire. Thus, taking into
consideration these connected phenomena, it is not incorrect to say “rice is
cooked because of firewood.” Similarly, we can rightly say “beneficial results
are obtained because of objects of offering.”
Because things to be given away feature importantly in deeds of generosity, the
canonical texts mention different types of generosity, depending on different
objects to be offered. Thus, in expositions on the Vinaya, we find four kinds of
generosity, since the Buddha allows four kinds of requisites to the Saṅgha, the
offerings made to the Saṅgha are naturally listed under these four kinds, so
there is this classification in the Vinaya expositions of four types of generosity,
which is primarily based upon different kinds of objects of offering.
According to the classification in the exposition on the Abhidhamma,
everything in the world comes under six categories, which correspond to the six
sense objects, there are six kinds of generosity depending upon whether it is a
gift of a visible object, sound, smell, taste, touch or mind-object. Here also,
although there is no direct mention of the six kinds of generosity in the
Abhidhamma teachings, if gifts were to be made of each of the sense objects,
there would be six kinds of offering; hence this classification in the
Abhidhamma expositions of six types of generosity.
In the Dhamma classification, there are ten kinds of generosity: offerings of
various kinds of food, drink, transportation, flowers, perfumed powder, scented
unguent or ointment, beds, dwelling places and facilities of lighting. Here again,
the actual teaching in the discourses relates only to the ten classes of objects
which may be offered as alms. But when these ten objects are offered as alms,
there would be then ten kinds of offering; hence this classification in the
discourses is of ten types of giving.
Maintaining that the Buddha teaches only these ten objects of offering, one
should not consider that these are the only gifts to be given and that other gifts
are not allowable. One should understand that the Buddha merely mentions the
ten things most commonly offered as alms in practice; or as any material thing
can be classified as belonging to one or the other of the ten types of gifts, one
should take it that by these ten objects are covered also, as is any object which is
in daily use by the noble recipient.