The Second Treatise on the Perfections – 2609
In connection with giving which would amount to an act of merit it is helpful to
understand the differences and similarities between what is termed
dāna
,
translated as “generosity,” and what is termed as
pariccāga
, translated as charity,
or, renunciation through generosity.
In the Long Birth Story about the Golden Goose (
Mahā-haṁsa-jātaka
, JA 534),
an enumeration is given of the ten duties of a king: Generosity, morality, charity,
justice, gentleness, self-control, not being angry, not being violent, forbearance,
not being confrontational. We see therein that generosity and charity are listed
separately.
According to the Birth Stories (
Jātaka
) commentary, there are ten objects which
may be offered as alms: food, drink, transportation – which also includes such
things as umbrellas, slippers or shoes, which are used while travelling – flowers,
perfumed powder, scented unguent or ointment, beds, dwelling places, and
facilities for lighting. The volition that prompts the giving of these alms
constitutes generosity (
dāna
). The volition that accompanies the giving away of
any other objects of alms is to be regarded as charity (
pariccāga
). Thus the
differentiation here rests on the different kinds of the objects of alms.
But the sub-commentary of the Birth Stories (
Jātaka
), quoting the views of
many teachers, says that “the giving of offerings with the prospect of enjoying
good results in future lives is
dāna
; giving rewards to servants and service
personnel, etc. in order to reap the benefits in the present life is
pariccāga
.”
A story that gives another illustration of the difference between generosity and
charity is described in the commentary to the Basket of Conduct (
Cariyā-piṭaka
)
and in the commentary to the Birth Stories (Ja 490). Briefly, the Bodhisatta was
once a learned Brahmin by the name of Akitti. When his parents passed away,
he was left with a vast accumulation of wealth. Deeply stirred by urgency, he
reflected thus: “My parents and ancestors who have accumulated this great
wealth have abandoned them and left, as for me, I shall gather only the
substance of this accumulation and depart.” Then having obtained permission
from the king, he had a drum beaten all over the country to proclaim the great
gift he was going to make. For seven days, he personally gave away his riches
but there still remained more.
He saw no point in presiding himself over the ceremony of distribution of his
wealth, so leaving the doors of his mansion, treasure houses and granaries wide