Miscellaneous Topics – 2450
variously rendered as “not knowing,” “unskilled,” “unknowing,” “ignorance”
and “delusion.”
Ignorance means: 1) Not knowing the truth of suffering (
dukkha
), not perceiving
the truth that the five mundane aggregates pertaining to the three spheres are
suffering; 2) not knowing the origin of suffering, not perceiving the truth that
craving (
taṇhā
) is the cause of suffering; 3) not knowing the truth of cessation,
not perceiving the truth that Nibbāna is the cessation of suffering; 4) not
knowing the truth of the path, not perceiving the truth that the noble path of
eight constituents is the way that leads to Nibbāna.
The fourfold ignorance of the four truths are the conditions whereby all
worldlings, blinded by their own ignorance, commit evil deeds that send them
down to the four lower worlds (
apāya
); or perform good deeds that send them to
the seven fortunate existences and the sixteen fine-material realms of Brahmas,
or to the four non-material realms of Brahmas. The evil deeds are motivated by
demeritorious volitions (
apuññābhisaṅkhārā
). The good deeds that tend to the
seven fortunate existences and the fine-material realms are motivated by
meritorious volitions (
puññābhisaṅkhārā
). The volitions in the four types of
meritorious deeds leading to the four Brahma realms of the formless realm are
called unshakeable volitions (
āneñjābhisaṅkhārā
). Therefore the Buddha
declares that with ignorance as condition, three types of volitions of the
mundane meritoriousness and mundane demeritoriousness come to be.
In the eulogistic reference to the Buddha at the beginning of this verse: the
penetrative knowledge is compared to the wish-fulfilling gem (
joti-rasa
), one of
the seven boons of a Universal Monarch; the four truths is symbolised by the
four island continents over which a Universal Monarch reigns; the analytical
exposition of the four truths is symbolised by the roaming over the four island
continents by the Universal Monarch. And the act of reverence is performed by
the poet, Ledi Sayādaw, mentally, verbally and physically.
In Buddhist literature there are recognised three kinds of worthy persons or
Devas: the Devas who are born instantly as mature individuals are Devas arisen
in the heavens; the rulers who have sovereignty over a country are
conventionally called Devas; and Arahats, the Worthy Ones, are Devas through
purity; and amongst the Arahats the Buddha is peerless.
[1148]