40b: The Last Days 2, In Vajji – 1534
7. Further, Ānanda, on the occasion of a Buddha relinquishing mindfully
and with deliberation, the life-maintaining mental process, this great
earth shakes, quakes strongly, sways violently and is convulsed. This is
the seventh cause of, or the seventh condition leading to, great
earthquakes.
8. Further, Ānanda, on the occasion of a Buddha passing away leaving no
remainder of the five aggregates and enters upon Parinibbāna, realizing
the ultimate peace, this great earth shakes, quakes strongly, sways
violently, and is convulsed. This is the eighth cause of, or the eighth
condition leading to, great earthquakes.
Ānanda, these are the eight causes of, or the eight conditions leading to great
earthquakes.”
Some elaboration on the above eight factors:
1. Earthquakes occur due to the unstable conditions of the elements of the
cosmos. The great earth is supported by a mass of air which is 960,000
leagues thick. Above that mass of air, there is a mass of water which is
480,000 leagues thick. Above that mass of water lies the great earth which
is 240,000 leagues thick. The lower half of the thickness, 120,000 leagues,
of the earth is granite while the upper half of
[1031]
the same thickness is
earth.
When the elements become unstable and powerful winds blow across the
surface of the normal mass of air, the mass of air is temporarily displaced
so that its support of the mass of water is withdrawn. The mass of water
then drops abruptly, leading to a sudden drop of the mass of the great
earth. When the extraordinarily strong winds become calm again, the mass
of air returns to its normal level, resumes its function of supporting the
mass of water, and rises up again. This leads to the rising up of the great
earth. Thus, strong winds that blow due to unstable conditions of the
elements are the causes of earthquakes. This phenomena is present all the
time, occurring occasionally. This sudden falling and rising of the earth is
not noticed because of the thickness of the great earth.
2. Earthquakes due to powerful persons: Persons possessed of psychic
power can cause earthquakes by means of that power. The method they
employ is by entering into absorption (
jhāna
), with water as the object of
concentration and thereby causing the upheaval of the great earth. They
cause the earthquake for some noble purpose, just as Ven. Mahā