40b: The Last Days 2, In Vajji – 1526
has its effect limited by the extent of the prevailing times, physical basis of
the person, effort taken, and the plane of existence. That is why the
miscellaneous teaching (
pakiṇṇaka-desanā
) of the ancient commentary
takes the meaning of
āyu-kappa
as the prevailing lifespan. This view has
also been maintained by the new commentators, such as Ven. Buddhaghosa,
Ven. Dhammapāla, etc.
As regards the expression: “Possessed by Māra,” the twelve kinds of
distortions (
vipallāsa
) should be noted.
1. Impermanence (
anicca
) is held as permanence (
nicca
) through the
illusion of perception; the illusion of thought; and through the illusion of
views.
2. Pain (
dukkha
) is held as pleasure (
sukha
) through the illusion of
perception; the illusion of thought; and the illusion of views.
3. Non-self (
anatta
) is held as self (
atta
) through the illusion of perception;
the illusion of thought; and the illusion of views.
4. Loathsomeness (
asubha
) is held as lovely (
subha
) through the illusion of
perception; the illusion of thought; and the illusion of views.
[1026]
One who is free from all these illusions, and we can take Ven. Mahā
Moggallāna as an example, cannot fall victim to Māra’s influence mentally,
a worldling who has not rid of any of these illusions or a noble one (
ariya
)
who has overcome some of these illusions but still has some remaining in
him is liable to be possessed by Māra.
Ven. Ānanda still had these four illusions: The illusion of perception and
the illusion of thought that made pain appear as pleasure; the illusion of
perception and the illusion of thought that made the loathsome appear as
lovely. Hence, he was targeted by Māra.
The way Māra possesses his victim is by frightening him out of his wits,
either by creating a dreadful vision or a dreadful sound. When the victim
is thus frightened, he loses consciousness, leaving his mouth agape. Māra
then would insert his hand through the open mouth and take hold of the
heart exerting pressure on it. The victim lies in a senseless state totally
possessed by Māra.
In the case of Ven. Ānanda, Māra could not insert his hand through the
mouth and oppress the heart. He merely presented some dreadful sense
object before Ven. Ānanda, under the influence of which Ven. Ānanda
could not think of the significance of the Buddha’s intimation.