39b: Sakka’s Questions – 1414
In the world enmity, punishment and antagonism between persons arise due to
envy and stinginess which are two evil fetters. These fetters are eliminated only
by Stream-entry (
Sotāpatti-magga
). Unless envy and stinginess have been
eliminated by Stream-entry knowledge, people’s wish for freedom from enmity
and so on will never be fulfilled; they will live miserably surrounded by enmity
and so on. This is the explanation to the Buddha’s answer to the first question.
Why is it that all beings live in enmity and danger amidst enemies, sorrow and
anger although they have an earnest desire to be free from them?
On hearing the Buddha’s answer Sakka was delighted and said: “Venerable sir,
that indeed is so. Fortunate One, that indeed is so. Having learnt the Fortunate
One’s answer, all my doubts are cleared, all uncertainties have left me.”
The Second Question on Envy and Stinginess
After receiving with delight the Buddha’s answer, Sakka put his next question
thus: “Venerable sir, what is the cause of envy and stinginess? What is their
origin? What is their genesis? What is their source? When what factor is present,
do envy and stinginess arise? When what factor is not present, do envy and
stinginess not arise?”
To this question the Buddha replied as follows: “Sakka, the Lord of the Devas,
envy and stinginess have objects, like living beings or conditioned formations
that one likes and objects that one dislikes as their cause, as their origin, as their
genesis, as their source. When objects that one likes and objects that one dislikes
are present, envy and stinginess arise. When objects of like and dislike are not
present, envy and stinginess do not arise.”
Herein, a living being or conditioned formation that one wants to possess
is an object of one’s liking, irrespective of its intrinsic nature of
disagreeableness. This is because defilements delude the mind into liking
something that is of a disagreeable nature. A living being or conditioned
formation belonging
[954]
to another person is an object of one’s dislike
even though it is a good thing. This is because for one who looks at it in
anger, with a biased mind, that good thing appears hateful.
Stinginess arises on account of objects that one likes. Envy arises on account of
objects that one dislikes. In another mode of explanation, both envy and
stinginess arise out of likes and dislikes. This will be elucidated as follows: For a
monastic, a co-resident pupil or some living thing of his fancy may be there as