39b: Sakka’s Questions – 1395
Four Types of Trained Horses
1. The horse that responds just by seeing the shadow of the goad (
chāya-
diṭṭha
).
2. The horse that responds only when struck on the hair (
loma-vedha
).
3. The horse that responds only when his skin is pierced (
camma-vedha
).
4. The horse that responds only when he feels the pain deep in the bones
(
aṭṭhi-vedha
).
The Four Types of Trained Men
1. On hearing that so and so in such and such place is suffering from
illness, or has died, he gains religious urgency (
saṁvega
), and he strives
to gain insight and path-knowledge (
chāya-diṭṭha
).
2. On witnessing someone suffering from illness or dying in his presence,
he gains religious urgency,
[942]
and he strives to gain insight and path-
knowledge (
loma-vedha
).
3. On witnessing one of his own family suffering from illness or dying in
his presence, he gains religious urgency, and he strives to gain insight
and path-knowledge (
camma-vedha
).
4. Only on meeting with some serious illness himself does he gain
religious urgency, and only then he strives to gain insight and path-
knowledge (
aṭṭhi-vedha
).
Deva Gopaka placed those three monastics in the fourth category above and
therefore considered that they needed goading to the extreme. In Sakka’s story,
two of them gained mindfulness that set them up at the first absorption there
and then, and they were reborn in the Brahmapurohita realm. This needs some
explanation. On hearing the words of Gopaka, two out of the three ascetic Devas
thought: “Normally, we ought to be rewarded for our service in entertaining
them, but now, instead of any rewards, we are being scolded right from the start,
like salt sprinkled onto a hotplate. How is this?” Reflecting on their past
existence, they saw vividly that they had been monastics, that they had pure
morality, that they had attained absorption, and that they used to go to Gopikā,
the Sakyan lady’s residence, for daily alms food.